University of California, Los Angeles

"UCLA", "Ucla", and "U.C.L.A." redirect here. For other uses, see UCLA (disambiguation).
University of California, Los Angeles
The University of California UCLA.svg
UCLA official seal
Former names
State Normal School at Los Angeles (1882-1919)
University of California Southern Branch (1919–1927)
University of California at Los Angeles (1927–1958)
Motto Fiat lux (Latin)
Motto in English
Let there be light
Established 1882/1919 (became the third UC campus)
Type Public
Research
Flagship
Land grant
Endowment $3.23 billion (2014)[1]
Budget US$4.65 billion (2012)[2]
Chancellor Gene D. Block[3]
Provost Scott L. Waugh[4]
Academic staff
4,016[5]
Administrative staff
26,139
Students 43,239 (2014)[6]
Undergraduates 29,633 (2014)[6]
Postgraduates 12,212 (2014)[6]
Location Los Angeles, California, United States
34°04′20.00″N 118°26′38.75″WCoordinates: 34°04′20.00″N 118°26′38.75″W
Campus Urban
419 acres (1.7 km²)[7]
Newspaper Daily Bruin
Colors UCLA Blue and UCLA Gold[8]
         
Athletics NCAA Division I – Pac-12
Sports 22 varsity teams[9]
Nickname Bruins
Mascot Joe Bruin
Josephine Bruin[10]
Affiliations University of California
AAU
APLU
Pacific Rim
WASC
Website ucla.edu
University of California, Los Angeles logo.png
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public research university located in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. It became the University of California Southern Branch in 1919, making it the second-oldest undergraduate campus of the ten-campus system after the original University of California campus in Berkeley (1873).[11] It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines.[12] With an approximate enrollment of 30,000 undergraduate and 12,000 graduate students, UCLA has the highest enrollment of any university in California[6] and is the most applied to university in the United States with over 112,000 applications for fall 2015.[13]

The university is organized into five undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science; Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS); School of the Arts and Architecture; School of Theater, Film, and Television; and School of Nursing. Fifteen[14][15] Nobel laureates, one Fields Medalist,[16] and three Turing Award winners[17] have been faculty, researchers, or alumni. Among the current faculty members, 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 28 to the National Academy of Engineering, 39 to the Institute of Medicine, and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[18] The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974.[19]

UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pacific-12 Conference. The Bruins have won 125 national championships, including 112 NCAA team championships.[20][21] UCLA student-athletes have won 250 Olympic medals: 125 gold, 65 silver and 60 bronze.[22] The Bruins have competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception (1924), and have won a gold medal in every Olympics that the United States has participated in since 1932.[23]

Contents  [hide] 
1 History
1.1 Maturity as a university
2 Campus
2.1 Architecture
2.2 Filming
2.3 Transportation and parking
2.3.1 2014 flooding
3 Academics
3.1 Divisions
3.1.1 Undergraduate
3.1.2 Graduate
3.2 Healthcare
3.3 Rankings
3.3.1 Global
3.3.2 National
3.3.3 Graduate school
3.3.4 Departmental
3.3.5 Academic field
3.4 Library system
3.5 Medical school admissions
4 Admissions
4.1 Undergraduate
4.2 Graduate
5 Crime
6 Economic impact
6.1 Trademarks and licensing
7 Athletics
7.1 USC rivalry
8 Student life
8.1 Traditions
8.2 Student government
8.3 Media publications
8.4 Housing
8.5 Hospitality
8.6 Chabad House
9 Faculty and alumni
10 UCLA Medal
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the University of California, Los Angeles
In March 1881, after heavy lobbying by Los Angeles residents, the California State Legislature authorized the creation of a southern branch of the California State Normal School (which later became San Jose State University) in downtown Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California. The State Normal School at Los Angeles opened on August 29, 1882, on what is now the site of the Central Library of the Los Angeles Public Library system. The new facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their teaching technique on children. That elementary school is related to the present day version, UCLA Lab School. In 1887, the school became known as the Los Angeles State Normal School.[24]


The Los Angeles branch of California State Normal School,
In 1914, the school moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue (now the site of Los Angeles City College) in East Hollywood. In 1917, UC Regent Edward Augustus Dickson, the only regent representing the Southland at the time, and Ernest Carroll Moore, Director of the Normal School, began working together to lobby the State Legislature to enable the school to become the second University of California campus, after UC Berkeley. They met resistance from UC Berkeley alumni, Northern California members of the state legislature, and Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University of California from 1899 to 1919, who were all vigorously opposed to the idea of a southern campus. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, did not share Wheeler's objections. On May 23, 1919, the Southern Californians' efforts were rewarded when Governor William D. Stephens signed Assembly Bill 626 into law, which merged the Los Angeles Normal School with the University of California as the Southern Branch of the University of California. The same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the College of Letters and Science.[ The Southern Branch campus opened on September 15 of that year, offering two-year undergraduate programs to 250 Letters and Science students and 1,250 students in the Teachers College, under Moore's continued direction.


University of California, Southern Branch's Vermont Campus, 1922.
Under University of California President William Wallace Campbell, enrollment at the Southern Branch expanded so rapidly that by the mid-1920s the institution was outgrowing the 25 acre Vermont Avenue location. The Regents conducted a search for a new location and announced their selection of the so-called "Beverly Site"—just west of Beverly Hills—on March 21, 1925 edging out the panoramic hills of the still-empty Palos Verdes Peninsula. After the athletic teams entered the Pacific Coast conference in 1926, the Southern Branch student council adopted the nickname "Bruins", a name offered by the student council at UC Berkeley.[26] In 1927, the Regents renamed the Southern Branch the "University of California at Los Angeles" (the word "at" was officially replaced by a comma in 1958, in line with other UC campuses). In the same year, the state broke ground in Westwood on land sold for $1 million, less than one-third its value, by real estate developers Edwin and Harold Janss, for whom the Janss Steps are named.[24]

The original four buildings were the College Library (now Powell Library), Royce Hall, the Physics-Biology Building (now the Humanities Building), and the Chemistry Building (now Haines Hall), arrayed around a quadrangular courtyard on the 400 acre (1.6 km²) campus. The first undergraduate classes on the new campus were held in 1929 with 5,500 students. In 1933, after further lobbying by alumni, faculty, administration and community leaders, UCLA was permitted to award the master's degree, and in 1936, the doctorate, against continued resistance from UC Berkeley.[27]

A timeline of the history can be found on its website,[28] as well as a published book.[29]

Maturity as a university[edit]
For the first 32 years of its existence, UCLA was treated as an off-site department of UC. As such, its presiding officer was called a "provost," and reported to the main campus in Berkeley. In 1951, UCLA was formally elevated to co-equal status with UC Berkeley, and its presiding officer was granted the title of chancellor. Raymond B. Allen was the first chief executive with that title. The appointment of Franklin David Murphy to the position of Chancellor in 1960 helped to spark an era of tremendous growth of facilities and faculty honors. By the end of the decade, UCLA had achieved distinction in a wide range of subjects. This era also secured UCLA's position as a proper university in its own right and not simply a branch of the UC system. This change is exemplified by an incident involving Chancellor Murphy, which was described by him later on:

I picked up the telephone and called in from somewhere, and the phone operator said, "University of California." And I said, "Is this Berkeley?" She said, "No." I said, "Well, who have I gotten to?" "UCLA." I said, "Why didn't you say UCLA?" "Oh," she said, "we're instructed to say University of California." So the next morning I went to the office and wrote a memo; I said, "Will you please instruct the operators, as of noon today, when they answer the phone to say, 'UCLA.'" And they said, "You know they won't like it at Berkeley." And I said, "Well, let's just see. There are a few things maybe we can do around here without getting their permission."[30]


The Bruin statue, designed by Billy Fitzgerald, in Bruin Plaza.[31]
In 2006, the university completed Campaign UCLA, which collected over $3.05 billion and is the second most successful fundraising campaign among public universities.[32][33] In 2008, UCLA raised over $456 million, ranking the institution among the top 10 universities in the United States in total fundraising for the year.[34]

On January 26, 2011, Meyer and Renee Luskin donated $100 million to UCLA.[35] On February 14, 2011, UCLA received a $200 million donation gift by The Lincy Foundation in order to establish The Dream Fund, which is "a community-based fund devoted to the support of medical research and academic programs at UCLA".[36]

In 2014, the university launched the Centennial Campaign for UCLA, which is intended to raise $4.2 billion by 2019.[37]

Campus[edit]
When UCLA opened its new campus in 1929, it had four buildings: Royce Hall and Haines Hall on the north, and Powell Library and Kinsey Hall (now the Humanities Building) on the south. The Janss Steps were the original 87-step entrance to the university that lead directly to the quad of these four buildings. Today, the campus includes 163 buildings across 419 acres (1.7 km²) in the western part of Los Angeles, north of the Westwood shopping district and just south of Sunset Boulevard. In terms of acreage, it is the second smallest of the ten UC campuses.[7] The campus is close but not adjacent to the 405 San Diego Freeway.[38]

The campus is located in the residential area of Westwood and bordered by Bel-Air to the north, Beverly Hills to the east, and Brentwood to the west. The campus is informally divided into North Campus and South Campus, which are both on the eastern half of the university's land. North Campus is the original campus core; its buildings are more old-fashioned in appearance and clad in imported Italian brick. North Campus is home to the arts, humanities, social sciences, law, and business programs and is centered around ficus and sycamore-lined Dickson Court, also known as the "Sunken Garden". South Campus is home to the physical sciences, life sciences, engineering, mathematical sciences, health-related fields, and the UCLA Medical Center. The campus includes sculpture gardens, fountains, museums, and a mix of architectural styles.


Janss Steps, in front of Royce Hall
Ackerman Union, the John Wooden Center, the Arthur Ashe Health and Wellness Center, the Student Activities Center, Kerckhoff Hall, the J.D. Morgan Center, the James West Alumni Center, and Pauley Pavilion stand at the center of the campus, bordering Wilson Plaza. The campus is bisected by Bruin Walk, a heavily traveled pathway from the residential hill to the main campus. At the intersection of Bruin Walk and Westwood Plaza is Bruin Plaza, featuring an outdoor performing arts stage and a bronze statue of the Bruin bear.

Architecture[edit]
The first campus buildings were designed by the local firm Allison & Allison. The Romanesque Revival style of these first four structures remained the predominant building style on campus until the 1950s, when architect Welton Becket was hired to supervise the expansion of the campus over the next two decades. Becket greatly streamlined the general appearance of the campus, adding several rows of minimalist, slab–shaped brick buildings to the southern half of the campus, the largest of these being the UCLA Medical Center.[39] Architects such as A. Quincy Jones, William Pereira and Paul Williams designed many subsequent structures on the campus during the mid-20th century. More recent additions include buildings designed by architects I.M. Pei, Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, Richard Meier, Cesar Pelli, and Rafael Vinoly. In order to accommodate UCLA's rapidly growing student population, multiple construction and renovation projects are in progress, including expansions of the life sciences and engineering research complexes. This continuous construction gives UCLA the on-campus nickname of "Under Construction Like Always".[40]


Royce Hall, one of the original four buildings, inspired by Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
The tallest building on campus is named after African-American alumnus Ralph Bunche, who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating an armistice agreement between the Jews and Arabs in Israel. The entrance of Bunche Hall features a bust of him overlooking the Franklin D. Murphy Sculpture Garden. He was the first individual of non-European background and the first UCLA alumnus to be honored with the Prize.

The Hannah Carter Japanese Garden is located a mile north of campus, in the community of Bel Air. The garden was designed by landscape architect Nagao Sakurai of Tokyo and garden designer Kazuo Nakamura of Kyoto in 1959. After the garden was damaged by heavy rains in 1969, UCLA Professor of Art and Campus Architect Koichi Kawana took on the task of its reconstruction.

Filming[edit]
With a location near Hollywood, UCLA has attracted filming for decades. Much of the 1985 film Gotcha! was shot at UCLA, as well as John Singleton's Higher Learning (1995). Legally Blonde (2001), Old School (2003), The Nutty Professor (1995), Erin Brockovich (2000), How High (2001), National Lampoon's Van Wilder (2002), American Pie 2 (2001), and Bring It On Again (2004) were all mainly shot at the university campus or locale. In January 2009, the Bollywood movie My Name is Khan was shot at UCLA. UCLA is also often cast as Stanford in television shows such as The Mindy Project and Chuck. Some of the exterior shots of the fictional UC Sunnydale in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and ABC Family original series Greek were also filmed at UCLA. In response to the major demand for filming, UCLA instated a policy on filming and professional photography at the campus.[41] "UCLA is located in Los Angeles, the same place as the American motion picture industry", said UCLA visiting professor of film and television Jonathan Kuntz.[42] "So we're convenient for (almost) all of the movie companies, TV production companies, commercial companies and so on. We're right where the action is."


California NanoSystems Institute interior walkways built over a parking structure.
Transportation and parking[edit]
The campus maintains 24,000 parking spaces and operates an award-winning sustainable transportation program.[43][44][45] Elements of the sustainable transportation program include vanpools, a campus shuttle system called BruinBus, discounted carpool permits, and subsidized transit passes. One of the pass programs includes BruinGo!,[46] which allows students and staff members to purchase discounted one-way or quarterly passes to ride Santa Monica's Big Blue Bus and the Culver CityBus.[47]

2014 flooding[edit]
On July 29, 2014, a nearly century-old water main burst on the section of Sunset Boulevard immediately above campus, sending approximately twenty million gallons of water flooding below. The nearly four hour rush of water caused damage to buildings and athletic facilities, including Pauley Pavilion and the Wooden Center. In addition, several parking structures were partially inundated, trapping nearly 740 cars. UCLA offered emergency assistance in the form of interest-free loans to students and staff whose cars were damaged by the flood. Loans of up to $5,000 are available to victims, and are to be repaid in the span of two years through payroll deduction.[48][49][50]

Academics[edit]
Divisions[edit]
Undergraduate[edit]
College of Letters and Science
Social Sciences Division
Humanities Division
Physical Sciences Division
Life Sciences Division
School of the Arts and Architecture
Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS)
School of Theater, Film and Television
School of Nursing
Graduate[edit]
Graduate School of Education & Information Studies (GSEIS)
School of Law
Anderson School of Management
Luskin School of Public Affairs
David Geffen School of Medicine
School of Dentistry
Fielding School of Public Health
Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
Healthcare[edit]

UCLA Medical Plaza, near the main entrance to the campus
The David Geffen School of Medicine, School of Nursing, School of Dentistry and Fielding School of Public Health constitute the professional schools of health science.

The UCLA Health System operates the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, a hospital in Santa Monica and twelve primary care clinics throughout Los Angeles County. In addition, the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine uses two Los Angeles County public hospitals as teaching hospitals—Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center—as well as the largest private nonprofit hospital on the west coast, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. The Greater Los Angeles VA Medical Center is also a major teaching and training site for the university. In 1981, the UCLA Medical Center made history when Assistant Professor Michael Gottlieb first diagnosed an unknown affliction later to be called AIDS. UCLA medical researchers also pioneered the use of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to study brain function. Professor of Pharmacology Louis Ignarro was one of the recipients of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the signaling cascade of nitric oxide, one of the most important molecules in cardiopulmonary physiology.

The U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals ranking for 2014-2015 ranks UCLA Medical Center #5 and "Best in the West" in the United States. UCLA Medical Center ranked in the top 20 in 15 of the 16 medical specialty areas examined.[51]

Rankings[edit]
University rankings
National
ARWU[52] 10
Forbes[53] 44
U.S. News & World Report[54] 23
Washington Monthly[55] 5
Global
ARWU[56] 12
QS[57] 37
Times[58] 12
USNWR graduate school rankings[59]

Business 15
Education 13
Engineering 14
Law 16
Medicine (Primary Care) 7
Medicine (Research) 13
Nursing 19
Public Affairs 23
USNWR departmental rankings[59]

Biological Sciences 19
Chemistry 15
Clinical Psychology 1
Computer Science 13
Communications 15
Earth Sciences 13
Economics 15
English 10
Fine Arts 4
Health Care Management 14
History 9
Library and Information Studies 14
Mathematics 7
Physics 18
Political Science 10
Psychology 2
Public Health 10
Social Work 16
Sociology 9
Statistics 30
Global[edit]
The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2014–2015 ranks UCLA 12th for academics and 13th for reputation.[60][61] In 2014, UCLA was ranked 37th in the QS World University Rankings,[62] 12th in the world (10th in North America) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)[63] and 23rd in the world (13th in North America) in Financial Times' Global MBA Rankings.[64] In 2013, Business Insider ranked UCLA as having the most driven students in the world.[65] In 2014, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 15th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, citations, broad impact, and patents.[66] As of March 2015, U.S. News & World Report ranked UCLA #8 in their "Best Global University Rankings".[59] In 2014, Business Insider ranked UCLA #5 in the world for the number of alumni working at Google (behind Stanford, UC Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon and MIT).[67]

National[edit]
The 2015 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked UCLA second among public universities (tied with the University of Virginia) and 23rd among national universities.[68] The Washington Monthly ranked UCLA fifth among national universities in 2014, with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility.[69] Money Magazine ranked UCLA 31st in the country out of the nearly 1500 schools it evaluated for its 2014 Best Colleges ranking.[70] In 2014, The Daily Beast's Best Colleges report ranked UCLA 10th in the country.[71] In 2014 Kiplinger ranked UCLA the 5th best-value public university in the nation, and 1st in California.[72] The 2013 Top American Research Universities report by the Center for Measuring University Performance ranks UCLA #11 in power, #12 in resources, faculty, and education, #14 in resources and education and #9 in education.[73] The 2015 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked UCLA as the #5 "Dream College" among students and the #10 "Dream College" among parents.[74] The National Science Foundation ranked UCLA 10th in the nation for research and development expenditures in 2013, spending $967 million.[75] The university is one of the Public Ivies, a public university considered to provide an education comparable to those of the Ivy League.

As of March 2015, the U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked UCLA #11 among national universities for campus ethnic diversity,[76] #1 among national universities for economic diversity among the top 25 ranked schools,[77] #22 among national universities for high school counselor rankings,[59] and tied for #3 among national universities for freshman retention rate.[78] In 2014, the Institute of International Education ranked UCLA #6 in the country for having the most international students (behind NYU, USC, the University of Illinois, Columbia and Purdue).[79] In 2014, Business Insider ranked UCLA #8 among the Smartest Public Colleges in America based on the average of the 25th and 75th percentiles of the combined SAT Math and Verbal scores of enrolled undergraduates.[80] In 2015, Business Insider ranked UCLA #5 among American colleges with the best food, and one of the top 15 American colleges with the best dining halls.[81][82] UCLA was ranked 16th in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNet's Social Mobility Index college rankings.[83]

Graduate school[edit]
As of March 2015, the U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report ranked the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies (GSEIS) at #13, the Anderson School of Management at #15, the David Geffen School of Medicine at #7 for Primary Care and #13 for Research, the School of Law at #16, the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS) at #14, and the School of Nursing #19.[59] The QS Global 200 MBA Rankings report for 2015 ranks the Anderson School of Management #9 among North American business schools.[84] The 2014 Economist ranking of Full-time MBA programs ranks the Anderson School of Management #13 in the world.[85] The 2014 Financial Times ranking of MBA programs ranks the Anderson School #26 in the world.[86] The 2014 Bloomberg Businessweek ranking of Full-time MBA programs ranks the Anderson School of Management #11 in the United States.[87] The 2014 Business Insider ranking of the world's best business schools ranks the Anderson School of Management #20 in the world.[88] The 2014 Eduniversal Business Schools Ranking ranks the Anderson School of Management #15 in the United States.[89]

In 2015, the U.S. News & World Report Best Online Programs report ranked the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS) #1 among online graduate engineering programs.[90]

Departmental[edit]
Departmental rankings in the national top ten according to the 2015 U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report include Clinical Psychology (#1), Psychology (#2), Fine Arts (#4), Mathematics (#7), History (#9), Sociology (#9), English (#10), Political Science (#10), and Public Health (#10). Among engineering departments, the Computer Science department is ranked #13.[59]

Departmental rankings in the global top ten according to the 2015 U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities report include Chemistry (#5), Clinical Medicine (#7), Mathematics (#4), Neuroscience and Behavior (#6), Psychiatry/Psychology (#4) and Social Sciences and Public Health (#7).[59]

Departmental rankings in the global top ten according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2014 include Mathematics (#9),[91] Computer Science (#9)[92] and Chemistry (#10).[93]

Departmental rankings in the global top ten according to the QS World University Rankings for 2015 include English Language & Literature (#9),[94] Linguistics (#2),[95] Modern Languages (#10),[96] Medicine (#7),[97] Psychology (#5),[98] Mathematics (#8),[99] Geography & Area Studies (#7),[100] Communication & Media Studies (#10),[101] Education (#8)[102] and Sociology (#6).[103]

Academic field[edit]
Academic field rankings in the global top ten according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2014 include Natural Sciences and Mathematics (#9)[104] and Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy (#9).[105]

Academic field rankings in the global top ten according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2014-2015 include Arts & Humanities (#10),[106] Clinical, Pre-clinical and Health (#9),[107] Engineering and Technology (#9),[108] Physical Sciences (#9),[109] and Social Sciences (#9).[110]

Library system[edit]
Main article: University of California, Los Angeles Library

Powell Library, across the quad from Royce Hall
UCLA's library system has over nine million books and 70,000 serials spread over twelve libraries and eleven other archives, reading rooms, and research centers. It is the United States' 12th largest library in number of volumes.[111]

The first library, University Library (presently Powell Library), was founded in 1884. In 1910, Elizabeth Fargo became the university's first librarian. Lawrence Powell became librarian in 1944, and began a series of system overhauls and modifications, and in 1959, he was named Dean of the School of Library Service.[112] More libraries were added as previous ones filled. Page Ackerman became University Librarian in 1973, and was the nation's first female librarian of a system as large as UCLA's. She oversaw the first coordinations between other UC schools, and formed a new administrative network that is still in use today.[113] Since her retirement, the system has seen steady growth and improvement under various Librarians. The present University Librarian is Virginia Steel, who took office on July 15, 2013.[114]

Medical school admissions[edit]
According to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), UCLA supplies the most undergraduate applicants to U.S. medical schools among all American universities. In 2014, UCLA supplied 919 medical school applicants, ahead of the University of Michigan with 825 medical school applicants, followed by UC Berkeley with 769 medical school applicants.[115]

Among first-time medical school applicants who received their Bachelor's degree from UCLA in 2013, 53% were admitted to at least one U.S. medical school

Nanyang Technological University

Nanyang Technological University (Abbreviation: NTU; Malay: Universiti Teknologi Nanyang; Chinese: 南洋理工大学; pinyin: Nányáng Lǐgōng Dàxué; Tamil: நன்யாங் தொழில்நுட்ப பல்கலைக்கழகம், Naṉyāṅ Toḻilnuṭpa Palkalaikkaḻakam) is one of the two largest public and autonomous universities in Singapore.

NTU was inaugurated in 1991, when its predecessor institution, the Nanyang Technological Institute (NTI) merged with the National Institute of Education (NIE). NTU has since grown to become a full-fledged, comprehensive and research-intensive university, with over 32,500 undergraduate and postgraduate[3][4] students in the various colleges of engineering, business, science, humanities, arts and social sciences, and the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine - set up jointly with Imperial College London.

In recent years, various college and university rankings have placed NTU amongst the top universities in Asia and beyond.[5] In the 2014 QS World University Rankings, NTU is ranked 39th globally,[6] and is also placed 1st in the world among young universities according to the 2014 QS Top 50 Under 50.[7] NTU is also ranked No.4 in Asia according to the 2015 QS Asian University Rankings.[8] NTU's College of Engineering is also ranked 9th in the world according to the latest 2014 QS World University Rankings by Faculty.[9] NTU's business school, Nanyang Business School, is placed 66th worldwide (4th in Asia, 1st in Singapore) by the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2014.[10]

The university's main campus is a 200-ha residential, garden campus located in the south-western part of Singapore at Jurong West, and is the largest university campus in Singapore. It is situated in close proximity to the Boon Lay bus interchange and the Boon Lay Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station. NTU also has two other campuses at Novena and one-north.

Contents  [hide] 
1 History
1.1 Nanyang Technological Institute (1981-1991)
1.2 Present form: Nanyang Technological University (1991-present)
2 Campuses
2.1 Yunnan Garden Campus
2.2 NTU@one-north
2.3 Novena Campus
3 Colleges, Schools and Institutes
3.1 Nanyang Business School
3.2 College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
3.3 College of Engineering
3.4 College of Science
3.5 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
3.6 Interdisciplinary Graduate School
3.7 Autonomous Institutes
4 Living Spaces
4.1 Undergraduate Halls
4.2 Graduate Halls
4.3 Faculty Housing
5 Academics
5.1 Undergraduate Education
5.2 Post-graduate Education
5.3 Clubs & Communities
6 University Rankings
7 Internet learning on campus
8 Degrees awarded by NTU
9 Notable Alumni
9.1 Politics
9.1.1 People's Action Party
9.1.1.1 Former Elected PAP Members
9.1.2 Workers Party of Singapore
9.1.3 Singapore Democratic Party
9.1.4 National Solidarity Party
9.1.5 International Politics
9.2 Public Service & Civil Society
9.3 Business and Technology
9.4 Academia and Research
9.5 Arts and Humanities
9.6 Media and Entertainment
9.7 Sports
10 Notable Faculty
10.1 Medicine, Science and Engineering
10.2 Humanities and Social Sciences
10.3 Business and Technology
10.4 S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
11 Controversies
11.1 Renaming Controversy
11.2 Tenural Denial to Cherian George
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
Nanyang Technological Institute (1981-1991)[edit]
Nanyang Technological Institute (NTI) was set up on 1 August 1981 with a charter to train three-quarters of Singapore’s engineers. When NTI started in 1982, it had a total student population of 582 in three engineering disciplines – civil and structural, electrical and electronic, and mechanical and production engineering. By 1990, the institute’s undergraduate student population had grown to 6,832. The first two graduate students were admitted in 1986. Three engineering schools were added, and the School of Accountancy from the National University of Singapore was transferred to NTI in 1987. A school of applied science was also started. In 1990, the government announced that the Institute of Education would be merged with the College of Physical Education to form the National Institute of Education and that it would be part of the new NTU upon its establishment in 1991.

Present form: Nanyang Technological University (1991-present)[edit]
In 1991, NTI merged with the National Institute of Education (NIE) to form Nanyang Technological University (NTU). The alumni rolls of the former Nanyang University were transferred to NTU in 1996. NTU became autonomous in 2006 and is today one of the two largest public universities in Singapore.[11]

Campuses[edit]
Yunnan Garden Campus[edit]

NTU Administration Building
NTU's primary campus is the 200-hectare (2.0 km2; 0.772 sq mi) Yunnan Garden Campus which is situated adjacent to the Jurong West district of Singapore. It is the largest university campus on the island of Singapore and also houses Singapore's largest on-campus residence infrastructure including 18 halls of residence for undergraduates and two graduate halls.

The campus grounds were originally donated by the Singapore Hokkien Association to Nanyang University, a Chinese-medium university inaugurated in 1953. In 1980, the Government of Singapore merged Nanyang University with the University of Singapore to form the present-day National University of Singapore. The following year, the Nanyang University grounds were granted to the Nanyang Technological Institute, a newly formed English-medium engineering college. In 1991, NTI merged with the National Institute of Education (NIE), Singapore's main teaching college, to form the present-day Nanyang Technological University.


Chinese Heritage Centre, formerly the administrative building of Nanyang University

Nanyang Lake
The former Nanyang University administration building was beautifully restored into the Chinese Heritage Centre and was gazetted as a national monument in 1998 - now overlooking the historical Yunnan Garden. The Nanyang University Memorial and original Nanyang University Arch were also declared national monuments of Singapore in 1998. The NTU Art & Heritage Museum is an approved public museum under the National Heritage Board’s Approved Museum Scheme; benefactors who donate artworks and artefacts to NTU enjoy double tax deductions. There is a small lake between the Chinese Heritage Centre and Hall of Residence 4 called Nanyang Lake. Only members of NTU Anglers' Club permit holder, the fishing club at NTU, are allowed to fish in this lake.[12]

In 2008, the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, one of the world’s largest foundations for entrepreneurship, selected NTU as the first Kauffman campus outside of the US.

The campus also served as the Youth Olympic Village for the inaugural Youth Olympic Games in 2010.[13]

Singapore's first eco-business park, CleanTech Park, is situated next to NTU's main campus. It is proposed to be developed in three phases with an estimated completion year of 2030. The park's first multi-tenanted building, CleanTech One, was opened in October 2010. CleanTech One's tenants include those from the public sector (the Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), the Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), and the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore), as well as from the private sector (DHI Water & Environment, Toray Industries, Silecs International, CIMA Nanotech, Diamond Energy, the Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS), Yingli Solar, and Pfizer).

NTU@one-north[edit]
Apart from the Yunnan campus, NTU also operates a satellite campus at the one-north business park. It comprises two wings with educational and alumni clubhouse facilities primarily allowing the university to enhance its delivery of continuing education programmes as well as for external collaborations.

The educational facilities include a 215-seat auditorium, an 80-seat lecture theatre, six 45-seat lecture theatres, twenty-one 18 to 50-seat seminar rooms, three 18 to 27-seat computer rooms and eight 6-seat discussion rooms. Alumni clubhouse facilities include a fun pool, a Chinese restaurant, games arcade, wine bar, lounge, karaoke rooms, games rooms, gymnasium, childcare centre and SPA. The Campus is also home to NTU's Centre for Continuing Education and the Confucius Institute of NTU.

Novena Campus[edit]
A third campus, Novena Campus, is situated close to LKCMedicine’s partner teaching hospital, Tan Tock Seng Hospital in downtown Novena. The new 20-storey Clinical Sciences Building is expected to be completed in 2016. The CSB will also be home to LKCMedicine researchers, with the laboratories interconnected through collaborative spaces.

Colleges, Schools and Institutes[edit]

The North Spine
NTU is organised into several colleges and schools, each corresponding to different fields of study.[14] The various engineering schools, which were consolidated to form the College of Engineering in 2001, together with Nanyang Business School, the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information and the National Institute of Education have been part of NTU from its inception. More recently, NTU has established additional schools for the Biological Sciences (2001), Humanities and Social Sciences (2004), Physical & Mathematical Sciences (2005), and Art, Design and Media (2009). In 2013, NTU and Imperial College London jointly established a new medical school, the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, which is based in the Novena campus.[15]

NTU also hosts a number of autonomous institutes: the National Institute of Education, the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, and two recently established research institutes.

Nanyang Business School[edit]
Nanyang Business School (NBS) has over 4000 undergraduates and postgraduates pursuing degrees in Accountancy and Business, as well as one of the world's top MBA programmes. Its faculty is made up of more than 160 professors from over 20 countries. NBS offers undergraduate programmes in Accountancy, Business as well as double degrees in Accountancy and Business, Business and Computer Engineering, and Business and Computer Science. Students enrolled into the Business programme are allowed to specialise in their second and penultimate year of study in six areas, namely: Actuarial Science, Banking & Finance, Business Analytics, Human Resource Consulting, Marketing, Tourism & Hospitality Management. Graduate programmes offered include the MBA, EMBA, and MSc Accountancy.

College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences[edit]

School of Art, Design and Media
It consists of three schools.

The Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information is a school of communication studies and offers courses in Journalism, Broadcast, Advertising, Communication Policy and Information Studies. It originally established in 1992 and it was named after Singapore's former president Wee Kim Wee in 1995.
The School of Art, Design and Media is Singapore's first professional art school and offers an undergraduate programmes in Art, Design, and Media, as well as graduate degrees in arts research. Its building, which features a sloping grassy roof surrounding a central courtyard, is frequently featured in NTU's promotional materials.[16]
The School of Humanities and Social Sciences offers programmes in a wide variety of fields including Chinese, Economics, English Literature, History, Linguistics, Philosophy, Psychology, Public Policy and Sociology.
College of Engineering[edit]
The College of Engineering is NTU's largest subdivision. It is claimed to be the world's largest engineering college, with a student population of more than 10,000 undergraduates and 3,500 graduates.[17] It consists of six schools focused on technology and innovation.

The college offers a rich array of multidisciplinary programmes and specialisations in traditional engineering disciplines and beyond. In addition to the 12 single degree programmes, the college also offers double degrees, double majors and integrated programmes as well as the only aerospace engineering programme in Singapore.

College of Science[edit]
Today, the college consists of two schools and is home to about 150 faculty members (more than 15 of which are Singapore National Research Foundation Fellows), 340 research staff, 110 administrative and technical staff, 3700 undergraduate and 540 graduate students.

The School of Biological Sciences was established in 2002 and offers a variety of programmes in the Biological Sciences and also a unique and innovative "East meets West" double degree programme in Biomedical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine with the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in China. Students may also pursue a second major in Food Science and Technology to gain understanding about food processes with an engineering and industrial point of view.
The School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences was established in 2005 and offers various disciplines in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, as well as Earth Sciences in collaboration with the Earth Observatory of Singapore. Students also have the choice of several multidisciplinary programmes such as Chemistry and Biological Chemistry with a second major in Food Science and Technology and/or with optional concentrations in current topics such as Green Chemistry and Nanotechnology, Physics with a second major in Mathematical Sciences and the combined major in Mathematics and Economics.
Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine[edit]
The Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine was established in 2013 in collaboration with Imperial College London. Prior to its opening in 2013, the school received record donations of S$400 million, including S$150 million from the Lee Foundation. The School’s primary clinical partner is the National Healthcare Group.

Interdisciplinary Graduate School[edit]
NTU's Interdisciplinary Graduate School focuses on the key research areas within NTU's Peaks of Excellence in Sustainable Earth, New Media and Future Healthcare. Research in these areas span across different disciplines beyond the conventional school-based programmes.

Autonomous Institutes[edit]
NTU hosts a number of autonomous research and educational institutes.

The National Institute of Education (NIE), occupying 16 hectares in the western part of NTU's Yunnan Garden campus, is Singapore's main teaching college and is run in close collaboration with Singapore's Ministry of Education. Full-time teachers in Singapore's public schools are typically required to complete a post-graduate diploma course at NIE, sponsored by Singapore's Ministry of Education.[18] NIE is also internationally acclaimed and provides educational consultancy to countries from Indonesia to UAE.

Georgia Institute of Technology

The Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Georgia Tech, Tech, or GT) is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia and has satellite campuses in Savannah, Georgia; Metz, France; Athlone, Ireland; Shanghai, China; and Singapore.

The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering. By 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the school changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute and research university.

Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with emphasis on science and technology. It is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, business administration, the sciences, architecture, and liberal arts.

Georgia Tech's main campus occupies part of Midtown Atlanta, bordered by 10th Street to the north and by North Avenue to the south, placing it well in sight of the Atlanta skyline. The campus was the site of the athletes' village and a venue for a number of athletic events for the 1996 Summer Olympics. The construction of the Olympic village, along with subsequent gentrification of the surrounding areas, enhanced the campus.

Student athletics, both organized and intramural, are a part of student and alumni life. The school's intercollegiate competitive sports teams, the four-time football national champion Yellow Jackets, and the nationally recognized fight song "Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech", have helped keep Georgia Tech in the national spotlight. Georgia Tech fields eight men's and seven women's teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Contents  [hide] 
1 History
1.1 Establishment
1.2 Early years
1.3 Modern history
2 Campuses
2.1 West Campus
2.2 East Campus
2.3 Central Campus
2.4 Technology Square
2.5 Satellite campuses
2.6 Campus services
3 Organization and administration
4 Academics
4.1 Demographics
4.2 Funding
4.3 Rankings
5 Research
5.1 Industry connections
6 Student life
6.1 Traditions
6.2 Housing
6.3 Student clubs and activities
6.4 Arts
6.5 Student media
6.6 Greek life
6.7 Student stress
7 Athletics
7.1 Fight songs
7.2 Club sports
8 Alumni
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of Georgia Tech
Establishment[edit]
About a dozen one- and two-story buildings, several of which are damaged, line a dirt road that intersects with three railroad tracks in the foreground
Atlanta during the Civil War (c. 1864)
The idea of a technology school in Georgia was introduced in 1865 during the Reconstruction period. Two former Confederate officers, Major John Fletcher Hanson (an industrialist) and Nathaniel Edwin Harris (a politician and eventually Governor of Georgia), who had become prominent citizens in the town of Macon, Georgia after the Civil War, strongly believed that the South needed to improve its technology to compete with the industrial revolution that was occurring throughout the North.[11][12] However, because the American South of that era was mainly populated by agricultural workers and few technical developments were occurring, a technology school was needed.[11][12]

In 1882, the Georgia State Legislature authorized a committee, led by Harris, to visit the Northeast to see firsthand how technology schools worked. They were impressed by the polytechnic educational models developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science (now Worcester Polytechnic Institute). The committee recommended adapting the Worcester model, which stressed a combination of "theory and practice", the "practice" component including student employment and production of consumer items to generate revenue for the school.[13]

On October 13, 1885, Georgia Governor Henry D. McDaniel signed the bill to create and fund the new school.[1] In 1887, Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters donated to the state 4 acres (1.6 ha) of the site of a failed garden suburb called Peters Park. The site was bounded on the south by North Avenue, and on the west by Cherry Street.[1] He then sold five adjoining acres of land to the state for US$10,000, equivalent to about US$262,481.48 now.[1] This land was located near the northern city limits of Atlanta at the time of its founding, although the city has now expanded several miles beyond it. A historical marker on the large hill in Central Campus notes that the site occupied by the school's first buildings once held fortifications built to protect Atlanta during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War.[14] The surrender of the city took place on the southwestern boundary of the modern Georgia Tech campus in 1864.[15]

Early years[edit]
Two buildings stand side-by-side on a hill. The one on the left is two stories, with two smokestacks behind it. The one on the right is the larger, taller Tech Tower building.
An early picture of Georgia Tech
The Georgia School of Technology opened its doors in the fall of 1888 with two buildings.[11] One building (now Tech Tower, an administrative headquarters) had classrooms to teach students; The second building featured a shop and had a foundry, forge, boiler room, and engine room. It was designed specifically for students to work and produce goods to sell and fund the school. The two buildings were equal in size to show the importance of teaching both the mind and the hands; though, at the time, there was some disagreement to whether the machine shop should have been used to turn a profit.[11][13]

On October 20, 1905, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Georgia Tech campus. On the steps of Tech Tower, Roosevelt delivered a speech about the importance of technological education.[16] He then shook hands with every student.[17]

Georgia Tech's Evening School of Commerce began holding classes in 1912.[18] The evening school admitted its first female student in 1917, although the state legislature did not officially authorize attendance by women until 1920.[18][19] Annie T. Wise became the first female graduate in 1919 and went on to become Georgia Tech's first female faculty member the following year.[18][19] Rena Faye Smith, appointed as a research assistant in the School of Physics in 1969 by Dr. Ray Young, in X-Ray Diffraction, became the first female faculty member (research) in the School of Physics. She went on to earn a Ph.D. at Georgia State University and taught physics and instructional technology at Black Hills State University - 1997-2005 as Rena Faye Norby. She served as a Fulbright Scholar in Russia 2004-2005.[20] In 1931, the Board of Regents transferred control of the Evening School of Commerce to the University of Georgia (UGA) and moved the civil and electrical engineering courses at UGA to Tech.[18][19] Tech replaced the commerce school with what later became the College of Business. The commerce school would later split from UGA and eventually become Georgia State University.[18][21] In 1934, the Engineering Experiment Station (later known as the Georgia Tech Research Institute) was founded by W. Harry Vaughan with an initial budget of $5,000 ($88,147 today) and 13 part-time faculty.[22][23]

Modern history[edit]
Founded as the Georgia School of Technology, Georgia Tech assumed its present name in 1948 to reflect a growing focus on advanced technological and scientific research.[24] Unlike most similarly named universities (such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology), the Georgia Institute of Technology is a public institution.

A white-haired and white-bearded man gesturing with his right hand as he speaks
Former Georgia Tech President G. Wayne Clough speaks at a student meeting.
Tech first admitted female students to regular classes in 1952, although women could not enroll in all programs at Tech until 1968.[25] Industrial Management was the last program to open to women.[18][25] The first women's dorm, Fulmer Hall, opened in 1969.[18] Women constituted 30.3% of the undergraduates and 25.3% of the graduate students enrolled in Spring 2009.[26] In 1959, a meeting of 2,741 students voted by an overwhelming majority to endorse integration of qualified applicants, regardless of race.[27] Three years after the meeting, and one year after the University of Georgia's violent integration,[28] Georgia Tech became the first university in the Deep South to desegregate without a court order.[27][29][30] There was little reaction to this by Tech students; like the city of Atlanta described by former Mayor William Hartsfield, they seemed "too busy to hate".[27] For $290,000, the university bought the property containing the former Pickrick Restaurant, which it first used as a placement center. Later, it was known as the Ajax Building. It was razed in 2009.

Similarly, there was little student reaction at Georgia Tech to the Vietnam War and United States involvement in the Cambodian Civil War. The student council defeated a resolution supporting the Vietnam Moratorium, and the extent of the Tech community's response to the Kent State shooting was limited to a student-organized memorial service, though the Institute was ordered closed for two days, along with all other University System of Georgia schools.[22]

In 1988, President John Patrick Crecine pushed through a restructuring of the university. The Institute at that point had three colleges: the College of Engineering, the College of Management, and the catch-all COSALS, the College of Sciences and Liberal Arts. Crecine reorganized the latter two into the College of Computing, the College of Sciences, and the Ivan Allen College of Management, Policy, and International Affairs.[31][32] Crecine never asked for input regarding the changes and, consequently, many faculty members disliked his top-down management style; despite this, the changes passed by a slim margin.[31] Crecine was also instrumental in securing the 1996 Summer Olympics for Atlanta. A large amount of construction occurred, creating most of what is now considered "West Campus" for Tech to serve as the Olympic Village, and significantly gentrifying Midtown Atlanta.[33][34] The Undergraduate Living Center, Fourth Street Apartments, Sixth Street Apartments, Eighth Street Apartments, Hemphill Apartments, and Center Street Apartments housed athletes and journalists. The Georgia Tech Aquatic Center was built for swimming events, and the Alexander Memorial Coliseum was renovated.[18][34] The Institute also erected the Kessler Campanile and fountain to serve as a landmark and symbol of the Institute on television broadcasts.[18]

In 1994, G. Wayne Clough became the first Tech alumnus to serve as the president of the Institute; he was in office during the 1996 Summer Olympics. In 1998, he separated the Ivan Allen College of Management, Policy, and International Affairs into the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts and returned the College of Management to "College" status (Crecine, the previous president, had demoted Management from "College" to "School" status as part of a controversial 1990 reorganization plan).[31][32] His tenure focused on a dramatic expansion of the Institute, a revamped Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program, and the creation of an International Plan.[35][36][37] On March 15, 2008, he was appointed secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, effective July 1, 2008.[38] Dr. Gary Schuster, Tech's provost and executive vice president for Academic Affairs, was named interim president, effective July 1, 2008.[39]

On April 1, 2009, G. P. "Bud" Peterson, previously the chancellor of the University of Colorado at Boulder, became the 11th president of Georgia Tech.[4] On April 20, 2010, Georgia Tech was invited to join the Association of American Universities, the first new member institution in nine years.[40] In 2014, Georgia Tech launched the first "massive online open degree" in computer science by partnering with Udacity and AT&T; a complete degree through that program costs students $7,000.[41][42][43]

Campuses[edit]
Main article: Georgia Tech main campus
An elevated view of several buildings and the trees surrounding them. A red brick building with a sloped roof is in the foreground, and a large white football stadium is just behind it, taking up much of the center of the picture. Beyond the stadium, there is a red brick smokestack near the center of the picture, the red brick Tech Tower building on the left side bearing white letters that spell "TECH", and the red brick physics building on the right side. In the background there is a white domed building. All around these buildings are green-leafed oak trees. An overcast, light blue sky takes up the top third of the picture.
Georgia Tech's East Campus and Central Campus as seen from an elevated point near Peachtree Street and North Avenue. Bobby Dodd Stadium is in the foreground, Tech Tower and Junior's Grill are in the background to the left, and the Georgia Tech Campus Recreation Center is in the background and to the right. The Varsity is in the immediate foreground between the viewer and Bobby Dodd Stadium.
The Georgia Tech campus is located in Midtown, an area north of downtown Atlanta. Although a number of skyscrapers—most visibly the headquarters of AT&T, The Coca-Cola Company, and Bank of America—are visible from all points on campus, the campus itself has few buildings over four stories and has a great deal of greenery. This gives it a distinctly suburban atmosphere quite different from other Atlanta campuses such as that of Georgia State University.[44][45]

The campus is organized into four main parts: West Campus, East Campus, Central Campus, and Technology Square. West Campus and East Campus are both occupied primarily by student living complexes, while Central Campus is reserved primarily for teaching and research buildings.[44]

West Campus[edit]
A large, white, multi-story building constructed from concrete, metal and glass with several tiered, curved roof segments framing long panels of windows. The building is set back on a large green lawn with several small pine trees.
The front of the Georgia Tech Campus Recreation Center
West Campus is occupied primarily by apartments and coed undergraduate dormitories. Apartments include Crecine, Center Street, 6th Street, Maulding, Undergraduate Living Center (ULC), and Eighth Street Apartments, while dorms include Freeman, Montag, Fitten, Folk, Caldwell, Armstrong, Hefner, Fulmer, and Woodruff Suites.[44] The Campus Recreation Center (formerly the Student Athletic Complex); a volleyball court; a large, low natural green area known as the Burger Bowl; and a flat artificial green area known as the CRC (formerly SAC) Fields are all located on the western side of the campus.

West Campus was formerly home to Under the Couch, which relocated to the Student Center in the fall of 2010. Also within walking distance of West Campus are several late-night eateries and Engineer's Bookstore, an economical alternative to Georgia Tech's official bookstore.[46] West campus is home to a convenience store, West Side Market. Due to limited space, all auto travel proceeds via a network of one-way streets which connects West Campus to Ferst Drive, the main road of the campus. Woodruff Dining Hall, or "Woody's", is the West Campus Dining Hall.[47] It connects the Woodruff North and Woodruff South undergraduate dorms.

East Campus[edit]
A wide, red brick building with a tower in the center and grey concrete archways spaced along the length of the building.
Brittain Dining Hall, the main dining hall for East Campus.
East Campus houses all of the fraternities and sororities as well as most of the undergraduate freshman dormitories. East Campus abuts the Downtown Connector, granting residences quick access to Midtown and its businesses (for example, The Varsity) via a number of bridges over the highway. Georgia Tech football's home, Bobby Dodd Stadium is located on East Campus, as well as Georgia Tech basketball's home, McCamish Pavilion (formerly Alexander Memorial Coliseum).[44]

Brittain Dining Hall is the main dining hall for East Campus. It is modeled after a medieval church, complete with carved columns and stained glass windows showing symbolic figures.[47] The main road leading from East Campus to Central Campus is a steep ascending incline commonly known as "Freshman Hill" (in reference to the large number of freshman dorms near its foot). On March 8, 2007, the former Georgia State University Village apartments were transferred to Georgia Tech. Renamed North Avenue Apartments by the institute, they began housing students in the fall semester of 2007.[48]

Central Campus[edit]
See also: Georgia Institute of Technology Historic District
Central Campus is home to the majority of the academic, research, and administrative buildings. The Central Campus includes, among others: the Howey Physics Building; the Boggs Chemistry Building; the College of Computing Building; the Klaus Advanced Computing Building; the College of Architecture Building; the Skiles Classroom Building, which houses the School of Mathematics and the School of Literature, Media and Culture; the D. M. Smith Building, which houses the School of Public Policy; and the Ford Environmental Science & Technology Building.[44] In 2005, the School of Modern Languages returned to the Swann Building, a 100-year-old former dormitory that now houses some of the most technology-equipped classrooms on campus.[49][50] Intermingled with these are a variety of research facilities, such as the Centennial Research Building, the Microelectronics Research Center, the Neely Nuclear Research Center, the Nanotechnology Research Center, and the Petit Biotechnology Building.

A one-story brick building with grey concrete stairs in the center leading to a door with a column on either side of it. There are three long windows on each side of the building.
The Carnegie Building, constructed in 1907, is located in the Historic District of Central Campus. It was originally the campus library, and it now houses the President's office.
Tech's administrative buildings, such as Tech Tower, and the Bursar's Office, are also located on the Central Campus, in the recently renovated Georgia Tech Historic District.[51][52] The campus library, the Fred B. Wenn Student Center, and the Student Services Building ("Flag Building") are also located on Central Campus. The Student Center provides a variety of recreational and social functions for students including: a computer lab, a game room ("Tech Rec"),[53] the Student Post Office, a music venue, a movie theater, the Food Court, plus meeting rooms for various clubs and organizations. Adjacent to the eastern entrance of the Student Center is the Kessler Campanile (which is referred to by students as "The Shaft").[54] The former Hightower Textile Engineering building was demolished in 2002 to create Yellow Jacket Park. More greenspace now occupies the area around the Kessler Campanile for a more aesthetically pleasing look, in accordance with the official Campus Master Plan.[55] In August 2011, the G. Wayne Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons opened next to the library and occupies part of the Yellow Jacket Park area.[56]

Technology Square[edit]
Main article: Technology Square

A view of Technology Square
Technology Square, also known as "Tech Square", is located across the Downtown Connector and embedded in the city east of East Campus.[57] Opened in August 2003 at a cost of $179 million, the district was built over run-down neighborhoods and has sparked a revitalization of the entire Midtown area.[58][59][60] Connected by the recently renovated Fifth Street Bridge, it is a pedestrian-friendly area comprising Georgia Tech facilities and retail locations.[58][61] One complex contains the College of Business Building, holding classrooms and office space for the Scheller College of Business, as well as the Georgia Tech Hotel and Conference Center and the Georgia Tech Global Learning Center.[62] The Scheller College of Business is also home to three large glass chandeliers made by Dale Chihuly. This is one of the few locations of Chihuly's works found in the state of Georgia.

Another part of Tech Square, the privately owned Centergy One complex, contains the Technology Square Research Building (TSRB), holding faculty and graduate student offices for the College of Computing and the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, as well as the GVU Center, a multidisciplinary technology research center.[58] The Advanced Technology Development Center (ATDC) is a science and business incubator, run by the Georgia Institute of Technology, and is also headquartered in Technology Square's Centergy One complex.

Other Georgia Tech-affiliated buildings in the area host the Center for Quality Growth and Regional Development, the Georgia Tech Enterprise Innovation Institute, the Advanced Technology Development Center, VentureLab, and the Georgia Electronics Design Center. Technology Square also hosts a variety of restaurants and businesses, including the headquarters of notable consulting companies like Accenture and also including the official Institute bookstore, a Barnes & Noble bookstore, and a Georgia Tech-themed Waffle House.

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

"EPFL" redirects here. For the sports organisation, see European Professional Football Leagues.
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne
École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
Logo EPFL.svg
Established 1969[1]
Type Public
Budget 803 million CHF[2]
President Patrick Aebischer
Undergraduates 4,891 (2012)[3]
Postgraduates 4,267 (2012)
Location Écublens (near Lausanne), Vaud, Switzerland
46°31′13″N 6°33′56″ECoordinates: 46°31′13″N 6°33′56″E
Campus Urban
Nationalities 125+
Affiliations AUF, EUA, Eurotech, CLUSTER, RESCIF and TIME
Website www.epfl.ch
EPFL is located in Switzerland EPFLEPFL
Location: Lausanne, Switzerland
The École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL, English: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne) is a research university in Lausanne, Switzerland, that specialises in physical sciences and engineering.[4]

One of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, the school was founded by the Swiss Federal Government with the stated mission to:

Educate engineers and scientists to the highest international standing
Be a national center of excellence in science and technology
Provide a hub for interaction between the scientific community and the industry
EPFL is considered one of the most prestigious universities in the world for engineering and sciences, ranking 17th overall and 10th in engineering in the 2015 QS World University Rankings;[5] 34th overall and 12th in engineering in the 2015 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[6]

EPFL is located in the French-speaking part of Switzerland; the sister institution in the German-speaking part of Switzerland is the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich). Associated with several specialised research institutes, the two universities form the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain (ETH Domain), which is directly dependent on the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research.[7] In connection with research and teaching activities, EPFL operates a nuclear reactor CROCUS,[8] a Tokamak Fusion reactor,[9] a Blue Gene/Q Supercomputer[10] and P3 bio-hazard facilities.

Contents  [hide] 
1 History
2 Admission and education
3 Reputation
4 Campus
4.1 Buildings
4.2 Facilities
4.3 Satellite campuses
5 Students and traditions
5.1 Student body
5.2 Associations
5.3 Music festivals
5.4 Archimedan Oath
6 Scientific partners
7 Organization
8 Notable affiliates
8.1 Alumni
8.2 Doctorates honoris causa
8.3 Professors
9 Gallery
9.1 Buildings and campus
9.2 Projects and partnerships
10 Partner universities
10.1 Europe
10.2 Americas
10.3 Asia
11 Notes and references
12 See also
13 External links
History[edit]
The roots of modern day EPFL can be traced back to the foundation of a private school under the name École spéciale de Lausanne in 1853 at the initiative of Lois Rivier, a graduate of École Centrale Paris and John Gay, the then professor and rector of the Académie de Lausanne. At its inception it had only eleven students and the offices was located at Rue du Valentin in Lausanne. In 1869, it became the technical department of the public Académie de Lausanne. When the Académie was reorganised and acquired the status of a university in 1890, the technical faculty changed its name to École d'ingénieurs de l'Université de Lausanne. In 1946, it was renamed the École polytechnique de l'Université de Lausanne (EPUL). In 1969, the EPUL was separated from the rest of the University of Lausanne and became a federal institute under its current name. EPFL, like ETH Zurich, is thus directly controlled by the Swiss federal government. In contrast, all other universities in Switzerland are controlled by their respective cantonal governments. Following the nomination of Patrick Aebischer as president in 2000, EPFL has started to develop into the field of life sciences. It absorbed the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) in 2008.[11]

In 1946, there were 360 students. In 1969, EPFL had 1,400 students and 55 professors. In the past two decades the university has grown rapidly and as of 2012 roughly 14,000 people study or work on campus, about 9,300 of these beings Bachelor, Master or PhD students. As EPFL first became a federal institute under its current name in 1969, with a student body of then less than 1500, the university is included in the Times Higher Education list of top 100 universities under 50 years old. The environment at modern day EPFL is highly international with the school now attracting top students and researchers from all over the world. More than 125 countries are represented on the campus and the university has two official languages, French and English.

Admission and education[edit]
Like every public university in Switzerland, EPFL is obliged to grant admission to every Swiss resident who took the maturité high-school certificate recognized by the Swiss Federation. As such, for Swiss students, EPFL is not selective in its undergraduate admission procedures.

The real selection process happens during the first year of study. This period is called the propaedeutic cycle and the students must pass a block examination of all the courses taken during the first year at the end of the cycle. If the weighted average is insufficient, a student is required to retake the entire first year of coursework if they wish to continue their studies at the school. Roughly 50% of students fail the first year of study, and many of them choose to drop out rather than repeat the first year.[12] The failure rate for the propaedeutic cycle differs between fields of study, it is highest for Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering majors where only 30-40% of students pass the first year.

For foreign students, the selection procedure towards the undergraduate program is rather strict, and since most undergraduate courses are taught in French, foreign students must provide documentation of having acquired a level B2 proficiency as measured on the CEF scale, though C1 proficiency is recommended.

As at all universities in Switzerland, the academic year is divided into two semesters. Regular time to reach graduation is six semesters for the Bachelor of Science degree and four additional semesters for the Master of Science degree. Though only 58% of the student's who manage to graduate are able to graduate within this time-period.[13] The possibility to study abroad for one or two semesters is offered during the 3rd year of study under certain conditions as EPFL maintains several long-standing student exchange programs, such as the junior year engineering and science program with Carnegie Mellon University in the United States, as well as a graduate Aeronautics and Aerospace program with the ISAE in France. The final semester is dedicated to writing a thesis.

Entrepreneurship is actively encouraged to foster a start-up culture among the student body as evident by the EPFL-Innovationpark being an integral part of campus. Since 1997, 12 start-ups have been created per year on average by EPFL students and faculty. In the year 2013, a total of 105 million CHF was raised by EPFL start-ups.[14]

Reputation[edit]
University Rankings 2015
Engineering & Technology
Global
Times 12
QS 10
ARWU 19
Europe
Times 5
QS 4
ARWU 3
The three most widely observed international university rankings, QS World University Rankings, Academic Ranking of World Universities and Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranks EPFL No. 2, No. 1 and No. 2 respectively in the field of Engineering and Technology on continental Europe in their 2014–2015 rankings. In the rankings EPFL competes with Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial College London and its sister institution, ETH Zurich, for the European top five spots in Engineering and Technology.

QS World University Ranking 2014 ranks EPFL world No. 17, reaching world No. 10 in Engineering and world No. 16 in the Natural Sciences subcategories.[15] Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014 ranks EPFL world No. 19 and Europe No. 3 in the Engineering, Technology and Computer Sciences category, behind Cambridge and notably ahead of ETH Zurich and American universities such as Caltech and Princeton.[16] THE World University Rankings 2014–2015 ranks EPFL world No. 34 and world No. 12 in the Engineering and Technology subcategory.[17]

EPFL typically scores high on faculty to student ratio, international outlook and scientific impact. The specialised CWTS Leiden Ranking[18] that "aims to provide highly accurate measurements of the scientific impact of universities" ranks EPFL world No. 13 and No. 1 in Europe in the 2013 rankings for all the sciences. Similarly, in the THE World University Rankings 2014-2015, EPFL ranks 15th in the world and 2nd in Europe on the citation index score.

The reputation of EPFL as a strong research institution has been further strengthened by a number of high-profile projects, the most notable of these being the Blue Brain Project that in 2013 secured a 0.5 Billion Euro Flagship Grant from the European Commission.[19]

Although EPFL generally rank well on academic measures such as citation index and scientific impact, due to the young age of the school, it tends to rank comparatively low in name-brand surveys, a recent example being the Times 2015 reputation ranking where EPFL was ranked No. 48 in the world.[20] In recent years, multiple EPFL faculty members has been selected as Young Global Leader or as Young Scientist by the World Economic Forum, increasing the visibility of EPFL outside tech-circles.[21]

Campus[edit]
See also: Lausanne campus

The EPFL Learning Center.

The MX buildings.

The Swiss-Tech convention center

Aerial view of the EPFL, which forms a large campus with the University of Lausanne (UNIL) at the shores of Lake Geneva.
The École d'ingénieurs de l'Université de Lausanne, from which EPFL in its modern day form originates, was located in the center of Lausanne. In 1974, 5 years after EPFL was separated from University of Lausanne and became a federal institute under its current name, the construction of a new campus at Dorigny in Écublens, a suburb south-west of Lausanne on the shores of Lake Geneva, began. The inauguration of the first EPFL buildings of the new campus took place in 1978.

The EPFL campus has been evolving ever since. The first stage of the development plans, with a total budget of 462 million Swiss francs, was completed in 1984 and in 1990 the second stage was completed. The construction of the northern parts of campus began in 1995 with the construction of the Microtechnology building, completed in 1998, and the architecture building, completed in 2000. In 2002, the department of architecture also moved to the campus in Écublens, uniting all departments of EPFL on the same site. The latest addition to the EPFL campus is the Rolex Learning Center completed February 2010. The Rolex Learning Center includes areas for work, leisure and services and is located at the center of the campus. The EPFL campus is now being expanded with the construction of the Swiss Tech Convention Center to be completed in 2014.

Together with the University of Lausanne, also located in Écublens, the EPFL forms a vast campus, welcoming about 20,000 students, at the shores of Lake Geneva. The campus is served by the Lausanne Metro Line 1 (M1) and is equipped with an electric bicycle sharing system.[22] Since 2012, only electricity from certified hydroelectric generation is being bought by EPFL to power it's campus. EPFL was the first campus to receive the International Sustainable Campus Excellence Award by the International Sustainable Campus Network.[23]

Of the 14,000 people that work and study at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne campus, roughly 9.300 are students in either Bachelor, Master or Doctoral programs, the remaining 4,700 being administrative staff, scientists, technical staff, professors and the entrepreneurs located in the Science Park EPFL7. More than 125 nationalities are present on campus with 48% of the student population being foreign nationals.[24]

Almost all of the structures of the EPFL are located on its main campus. However, it also has branches in Neuchâtel ("Microcity"), in Sion ("Pôle EPFL Valais"),[25] in Geneva (Campus Biotech, including the Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-engineering) and in Fribourg ("Smart Living Lab").

The EPFL also has a project of research centre in Ras al-Khaimah (United Arab Emirates), EPFL Middle East.[26]

Buildings[edit]
The campus consists of about 65 buildings on 136 acres (55 ha). Built according to the growth of the school, the campus includes different types of architectures:

Late 1970s–1980s: modularised building, used today by the Schools of Basic Sciences and Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
1990s: buildings with institutes from the Schools of Engineering Sciences and Techniques, Computer and Communication Sciences, and the Scientific Park (PSE)
Modern: new buildings (2002–2004) with Microengineering, Communications and Architecture institutes, the School of Life Sciences and the College of Management.
The Learning Center, a new library (2010)
2014: The Swiss Tech Convention Center and the "Quartier Nord" (convention center, student accommodation, shops...)
The EPFL and the University of Lausanne also share an active sports centre five minutes away from EPFL, on the shores of Lake Geneva.[27]

Facilities[edit]
Facilities are available on the campus for the students and staff:

Libraries: the Learning Center
Restaurants: Le Copernic and La Table de Vallotton
Cafeterias: La Coupole, Le Corbusier, Le Parmentier, Le Vinci, BMX (Bâtiment des matériaux), BC (Bâtiment des communications), L'Arcadie, Le Hodler, Le Klee, L'Ornithorynque
Bar: Satellite
Travel agencies: Swiss Federal Railways and STA Travel
Banks: Credit Suisse and PostFinance
Radio: Fréquence Banane (student radio)
Conference centre: the Swiss Tech Convention Center
Museums: Musée Bolo and Archizoom
Student housing: Quartier Nord (Atrium) and Les Estudiantines.
Satellite campuses[edit]

EPFL Lausanne
Microcity (in Neuchâtel):[28] "A temple dedicated to innovation" ( Patrick Aebischer)
EPFL Fribourg:[29] "The EPFL Fribourg outpost develops its activities in the fields of technology, construction and sustainable architecture. Besides the activities of advanced research, it designs, with the School of Engineering and Architecture HEIA-FR and the University of Fribourg, the Smart Living Lab, a new interuniversity pole of competence. Its location at the heart of the blueFACTORY innovation park will allow it to exploit the development potential of public-private partnerships offered by this opportunity and will contribute to the future National Innovation Park." (EPFL website)
EPFL also has satellite facilities in Sion, Geneva, and Basel.[30]
Students and traditions[edit]
Student body[edit]
The number of students attending studying at EPFL has been rising heavily since EPFL was formed in 1969 under its current name. In 1969 EPFL had roughly 1400 students, that number had grown to 2367 by 1982, 4302 by 1997 and now 9921 students in 2014. Within the student body, 112 different nationalities are represented. In the period from 1982 to 2014 the female proportion of the student body has increased from 12% to 27%. The proportion of female students is lowest at the School of Computer Science and Communication, 15%, and highest at the School of Life Sciences, 49%.[31]

Associations[edit]

The Festival Balélec is a music festival organised annually at the EPFL campus.
The school encourages the formation of associations and sports activities on campus. As of 2012 more than 79 associations exist on campus for recreational and social purposes. In addition, the school has its own monthly newspaper, Flash. Included in the 79 associations are

AGEPoly is the Student's Association of the EPFL. The purpose of AGEPoly is to represent the EPFL's students, defend the general interests of the students and inform and consult its members on decisions of the EPFL Direction that concern them.[32]
The Forum is an EPFL student association responsible for organisation of the Forum EPFL. The Forum was founded in 1982 as a platform for exchange and meeting between the academic and professional communities. Today, the Forum EPFL is one of the largest recrouting events in Europe.[33]
UNIPOLY is the EPFL Association for Sustainable Development, the Association works to create awareness of sustainable developmenent on campus and in western Switzerland. UNIPOLY is part of the World Student Community for Sustainable Development, an international network of student organisations for sustainable development consisting of EPFL, ETH Zurich, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Tokyo, University of Fort Hare, University of Nairobi, Chalmers, and University of Yaounde.[34]
Music festivals[edit]
Several music festivals are held yearly at EPFL. The most important one is the Balélec Festival, organised in May. The festival wellcomes 15,000 visitors to around 30 concerts. Other smaller festivals include Sysmic organised in April by the students of the Department of Microengineering, hosting two stages for local and national bands, and Artiphys, organised by the students of the Physics Department.

Technische Universität München

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013)
Technische Universität München
TU Muenchen Logo.svg
Motto Die unternehmerische Universität
Motto in English
The Entrepreneurial University
Established 1868
Type National university
Budget €1.2 billion (2013)[1]
President Wolfgang A. Herrmann
Academic staff
6,168[1]
Students c. 38,000[1]
Location Munich, Germany
Campus Urban
Colors Blue     
Affiliations GUEI, PEGASUS, CESAER, Eurotech
Website www.tum.de
The Technische Universität München (TUM)[2] is a research university with campuses in Munich, Garching and Freising-Weihenstephan. It is a member of TU9, an incorporated society of the largest and most notable German institutes of technology.

Contents  [hide] 
1 History
1.1 From an agricultural state to an industrial state
1.2 Foundation of "Polytechnische Schule München"
1.3 Broadening the spectrum of subjects
1.4 "Research Reactor Munich" (FRM) third location
1.5 100th anniversary
1.6 Twelve faculties at three locations
1.7 An "Entrepreneurial university"
2 Campuses
2.1 Munich
2.2 Garching
2.3 Weihenstephan (Freising)
2.4 Straubing
2.5 Singapore
3 Organization
3.1 Extended Board of Management
3.2 Supervisory Board
4 Students
5 Faculty
6 Research
6.1 Research centres
7 TUM Graduate School
8 Partnerships
9 Scholarships
10 Academic reputation
10.1 International top ranking list
10.1.1 European Commission ranking
10.1.2 QS World ranking 2012/13
10.1.3 ARWU ranking 2013
10.1.4 THE Rankings 2013-14
11 Major award laureates
11.1 Nobel Prize
12 See also
13 Notes and references
14 External links
History[edit]

Main campus entrance at Gabelsbergerstraße, Munich
Timeline
1868 University founded by King Ludwig II.[3]
1877 Awarded the designation Königlich Bayerische Technische Hochschule München.
1901 Granted the right to award doctorates.
1902 Approval of the election of the Principal by the teaching staff.
1930 Integration of the College of Agriculture and Brewing in Weihenstephan.
1949–1954: Reconstruction of the main building of the Technische Universität by Robert Vorhoelzer after WWII. Construction of a new administrational building and library.
1957 Given the status of a ‘public legal body’.
1958 Research Reactor Munich (FRM), Garching officially assigned to the TH München.
1967 Establishment of a faculty of medicine
1970 Renamed to ‘Technische Universität München’.
2000 Establishment of Weihenstephan Science Centre for Life & Food Sciences, Land Use and Environment (WZW) belonging to the TUM.
2002 The German Institute of Science and Technology founded in Singapore.
2004 Official opening of Forschungsreaktor München II, a leading neutron source, on March 2.
2005 TUM Institute for Advanced Study founded
2006 TUM one of three successful universities in Germany's excellence initiative
2009 TUM School of Education established
2012 TUM again one of now 11 successful universities in Germany's excellence initiative
From an agricultural state to an industrial state[edit]

Lithograph of 1900 (Colour map)
In its capacity as an academic stronghold of technology and science, the Technische Universität München (TUM) has played a vital role in Bavaria's transition from an agricultural state to an industrial state and Hi-Tech centre. Even to the present day, it is still the only state technical university. Numerous excellent TUM professors have secured their place in the history of technology, many important scientists, architects, engineers and entrepreneurs studied there. Such names as Karl Max von Bauernfeind, Rudolf Diesel, Claude Dornier, Walther von Dyck, Hans Fischer (Nobel prize for Chemistry 1930), Ernst Otto Fischer (Nobel prize for Chemistry 1973), August Föppl, Robert Huber (Nobel prize for Chemistry 1988), Carl von Linde, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Walther Meissner, Rudolf Mössbauer (1961 Nobel prize for Physics), Willy Messerschmitt (aircraft designer), Wilhelm Nusselt, Hans Piloty, Friedrich von Thiersch, Franz von Soxhlet are closely connected with the TUM.

The prerequisites for an academic training in engineering were created at the start of the 19th century when the advancement of technology on the basis of exact sciences commenced. There were also calls for a 'university for all technical studies' in Bavaria. The 'polytechnic schools' set up in Augsburg, Munich and Nuremberg, which bridged the gap between middle schools and higher education colleges in their capacity as 'lyceums' (or high schools), were the first approach. For further qualification purposes, a 'technical college' was set up in 1833 as part of the Faculty of State Finance (Staatswirtschaftlichen Fakultät) of the Ludwig Maximilian University, which had been transferred from Landshut to Munich seven years previously. The experiment failed. Instead, an advanced 'engineering course' was established at the Polytechnic School Munich in 1840, which was the forerunner of what was later to become the 'Technische Hochschule München'.

Foundation of "Polytechnische Schule München"[edit]

The old University of Technology Munich building.
In 1868, King Ludwig II founded the newly structured Polytechnische Schule München, which had the status of a university, in Munich. It was allowed to call itself Königlich Bayerische Technische Hochschule München as from the academic year 1877–78. The first Principal was the former Head of the Engineering Course, Karl Max von Bauernfeind. In the year of its foundation, the college took up residence in the new building in Arcisstrasse, which was designed by Gottfried v. Neureuther. In those days, more than 350 students were taught by 24 professors and 21 lecturers. The college was divided into five sections: I. General Department (Mathematics, Natural Science, Humanities, Law and Economics), II. Engineering Department (Structural Engineering and Surveying), III. Department of Architecture, IV. Mechanical/Technical Department, V. Chemical/Technical Department. Department VI. (Agriculture) was added in 1872.

Two of the university's long-standing requests were met by the state after the beginning of the 20th century: it was granted the right to award doctorates in 1901, and in 1902 the election of the principal by the teaching staff was approved. With an average of about 2,600 to 2,800 students, the TH München ranked ahead of the TH Berlin as the largest German technical college for a while. The first female undergraduate matriculated in architecture in 1905, after the Bavarian government officially allowed women to study at a technical college in the German Reich. However, the proportion of female students remained negligible; women accounted for just 0.6 per cent of the student body in the winter semester of 1913–14.

During the Weimar Republic, the TH München was obliged to make do with low funds and was drawn into radical political struggles in 1918–19 and again between 1928 and 1933. In the winter term of 1930–31, the National Socialist German Student Union (NSDStB) became the strongest group within the AStA general student organisation of the THM for the first time.

Broadening the spectrum of subjects[edit]
The TH München was able to broaden its spectrum of subjects by taking over several smaller colleges that were no longer viable. In 1922, the former commercial college 'Handelshochschule München' became the VII Department of Economics. The former College of Agriculture and Brewing in Weihenstephan was integrated in 1930. Its agricultural unit was absorbed into the Department of Agriculture – which was located in Munich until 1947 before transferring to Weihenstephan, while the brewing section became Department VIII 'Brewing Technology' belonging to the TH München yet located in Weihenstephan. The tradition of the Weihenstephan campus dates back to the agricultural school founded in 1804, which was elevated to the status of an academy in 1895 and a university in 1920.

The eight departments of the TH München were reorganised into six faculties in 1934. This was reduced to five (General Sciences, Structural Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Agriculture, Brewing) in 1940.

During the Third Reich, the 'leadership principle' was imposed on the TH München. Its autonomy suffered considerable restrictions which affected such matters as the appointment procedure (for lecturers), etc. Based on the newly introduced 'Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service', lecturers of non-Aryan descent or those who were married to 'non-Aryans' were removed by the State, likewise politically 'undesirable' professors. The National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB) and the like-minded German Student Union (Deutsche Studentenschaft) endeavoured to organise and influence the undergraduates with their radical national socialist doctrine.

Similar organisations were in place on the lecturers' level. Jewish students no longer enjoyed the same rights and were barred from matriculation from 1938 onwards. The TH München was required to contribute towards the Second World War effort with large-scale armament research. However, top-level basic research was still conducted in numerous institutes. The attitude of the university professors was characterised by opportunistic conformance on the one hand, and critical distancing and inner emigration[further explanation needed] on the other. A number of individual professors, employees, workers and students dared to demonstrate disobedience and obstruction.

It was under the hardest possible conditions that teaching activities recommenced in April 1946. 80% of the buildings on the main campus had been bombed. For many years, undergraduates actively supported the rebuilding of their university by providing hands-on (voluntary) restoration service. The Department of Economics had to be surrendered to the Ludwig Maximilian University in 1946.

"Research Reactor Munich" (FRM) third location[edit]
With the internationally acclaimed installation of the Research Reactor Munich (FRM) in Garching in 1956/57, the TH München gained third location. The Physics Department building was opened there in 1969, followed by the new building for housing the departments of Chemistry, Biology and Geoscience in 1977.

In December 1957, the university was granted its long-standing request to acquire the status of a 'public legal body'. In the following year, the first constitution drawn up by the university itself came into force. From the 1960s onwards, the university had to cope with an enormous influx of students. When the first economising measures were introduced by the State in the mid-Seventies, the conditions for students began to deteriorate.

A Faculty for Medicine spanning two sites: Munich-Haidhausen (Clinic 'right of the Isar') and Munich-Schwabing (Biederstein, Children's Clinic at Schwabing Hospital) was founded in 1967.

100th anniversary[edit]
The university's 100th anniversary fell in the 'hot May' of 1968. Critical tendencies were also in evidence at the TH München, particularly in the Departments of Architecture, Geography, Medicine and Social Sciences. In the 100th year since its foundation, the TH München comprised six faculties, 168 chairs and institutes, about 8,400 undergraduates and somewhere in the region of 5,700 university staff, who were employed in teaching, research, running operations and administration. In 1972, a sports centre with a 'central sports ground' covering an area of 45 hectares, that had previously been used for the Olympic Games was set up in the grounds of the Olympic stadion.

The new designation of 'Technische Universität München' was conferred in August 1970. With the introduction of the Bavarian Higher Education Law in 1974, the six faculties were replaced by eleven smaller departments, which soon resumed the designation of Faculties: 1. Mathematics and Informatics, 2. Physics, 3. Chemistry, Biology and Geoscience, 4. Economics and Social Sciences, 5. Structural Engineering and Surveying, 6. Architecture, 7. Mechanical Engineering, 8. Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, 9. Agriculture and Horticulture, 10. Brewing, Food Technology and Dairy Science, 11. Medicine. In addition, several interdisciplinary central institutes were established, initially for regional planning and environmental research, as well as sports sciences. The 'regulated student organisation' was abolished in Bavaria and replaced by structures of student involvement within the context of the newly introduced group representation concept.