The university has more thanaculty members and students, and is one of Boston's largest employers. It offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctorates, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through eighteen schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Boston's Fenway-Kenmore and while the Boston University Medical Campus is in Boston's South End neighborhood. BU is categorized as an RU/VH Research University (very high research in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education and the Association of American Universities. The university counts seven Nobel Laureates, twenty-three Pulitzer Prize winners, nine Academy Award winners, and several Emmy and Tony Award winners among its faculty and alumni. BU also has MacArthur, Sloan, and Guggenheim Fellowship holders as well as American Academy of Arts and Sciences and National Academy of Sciences members among its past and present graduates and faculty. The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAA's Division I. BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League, and Hockey East conferences, and their mascot is the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for men's hockey, in which it has won five national championships, most recently in
London Business School is a graduate business school and a constituent college of the University of London, located in central London, England. It was established in after the Franks Report recommended the establishment of two business schools. Since inception, has become one of the top business schools in the world and benchmarks its programs against those of Harvard, Stanford, Wharton, Columbia, and Booth. LBS offers various academic programmes including the Masters of Business Administration (MBA and Sloan Fellowship for experienced business executives Masters in Finance Masters in Management for students with up to two years of work experience PhD, and non-masters classes for business executives. Over degree students from countries graduate from the school each year. A further executives attend the school executive education programmes each year. The school has over alumni in more than countries, organised through 65-plus alumni clubs. The school holds the European Foundation for Management Development Equis, accreditation as well as that of the AACSB and AMBA.The MBA, Executive MBA, Sloan Masters in Leadership and Strategy, and Master's in Management programme are accredited through
research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in the university was named after its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur, abolitionist, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins.million bequesof which half financed the establishment of The Johns Hopkins Hospita was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States at the time. Daniel , who was inaugurated as the institution's first president on February led the university to revolutionize higher education in the by integrating teaching and research. Johns Hopkins is organized into ten divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington, D.C. with international centers in Italy, China, and Singapore.The two undergraduate divisions, the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering, are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore's Charles Village neighborhood. The medical school, the nursing school, and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore. The university also consists of the Peabody Institute, the Applied Physics Laboratory, the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, the education school, the Carey Business School, and various other facilities. The first research university in the United States and a founding member of the American Association of Universities, Johns Hopkins has been considered one of the world’s top universities throughout its history. The University stands among the top in US News' Best National Universities Rankings and top on a number of international league tables.Over the course of almost y, thirty-six Nobel laureates and a United States president havbeen affiliated with Johns Hopkins.Fouded in he Blue Jays men’s lacrosse team has captured national titles and joined the Big Ten Conference as an affiliate member in
located in Ithaca, New York. Founded in by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge from the classics to the sciences, and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornell's motto, a popular Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus, with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy. The university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the nation and the only one in New York. Of its seven undergraduate colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ystem, including its agricultural and veterinary colleges. As a land grant college, it operates a extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.[8] The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is much larger when the Cornell Plantations (more than are considered, as well as the numerous university-owned lands in New York City. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race. Cornell counts more than living alumni, and its former and present faculty and alumni includeMarshall Scholars, 29 Rhodes Scholars, Gates Scholars, and 44 Nobel laureates. The student body consists of nearly 1undergraduate and graduate students from all 50 American states and countrie
Alberta, Canada. It was founded in by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta, and Henry Marshall Tory,its first president. Its enabling legislation is the Post-secondary Learning Act. The university comprises four campuses in Edmonton, the Augustana Campus in Camrose, and a staff centre in downtown Calgary. The original north campus consists of 150 buildings covering 50 city blocks on the south rim of the North Saskatchewan River valley, directly across from downtown Edmonton. More than 39,000 students from across Canada and 150 other countries participate in nearly 400 programs in 18 faculties. The university has been recognized by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings as one of the top five universities in Canada and one of the top universities worldwide. According to the QS World University Rankings the top Faculty Area at the University of Alberta is Arts and Humanities (ranked 89th in the world), and the top-ranked Subject is English Language and Literature The University of Alberta has graduated more than alumni, including Governor General Roland Michener; Prime Minister Joe Clark; Chief Justice of Canada Beverley McLachlin; Alberta premiers Peter Lougheed, Dave Hancock, Jim Prentice and Rachel Notley; Edmonton Mayor Don Iveson and Nobel laureate Richard E. Taylor. The university is a member of the Alberta Rural Development Network, the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education and the Sustainability Tracking, Assessment & Rating System. The University of Alberta, a single, public provincial university, was chartered in 1in Edmonton, Alberta with the University Act in the first session of the new Legislative Assembly, with Premier Alexander C. Rutherford as its sponsor. The university was modelled on the American state university, with an emphasis on extension work and applied research.[The governance was modelled on Ontario's University of Toronto Act of 1906: a bicameral system consisting of a senate (faculty) responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) controlling financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and perform institutional leadership. Heated wrangling took place between the cities of Calgary and Edmonton over the location of the provincial capital and of the university. It was stated that the capital would be north of the North Saskatchewan River and that the university would be in a city south of it.The city of Edmonton became the capital and the then-separate city of Strathcona on the south bank of the river, where Premier Alexander Rutherford lived, was granted the university. When the two cities were amalgamated in Edmonton became both the political and academic capita
university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. Originally established in as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in New York State, as well as one of the country's nine colonial colleges.[6] After the revolutionary war, King's College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College charter placed the institution under a private board of trustees before it was further renamed Columbia University in 1896 when the campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Morningside Heights occupying land of . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D. degree. The University is organized into twenty schools, including Columbia College, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies. The University also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago and Nairobi.It has affiliation with several other institutions nearby, including Teachers College, Barnard College, and Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Sciences Po Paris,and the Juilliard School. Columbia annually administers the Pulitzer Prize.[Notable alumni and former students (including those from King's College) include five Founding Fathers of the United States; nine Justices of the United States Supreme Court; living billionaires;Academy Award winners;heads of state, including three United States PresidentsAdditionally, Nobel Prize laureates have been affiliated with it as students, faculty, or staff. Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as when Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the missionary arm of the Church of England, persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college; however, not until the founding of Princeton University across the Hudson River in New Jersey did the City of New York seriously consider founding a college. an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the Church of England, to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college Classes were initially held in July and were presided over by the college's first president, Dr. Samuel Johnson.. Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.The college was officially founded on October s King's College by royal charter of King George II, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United State In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his chief opponent in discussions at the College was an undergraduate of the class of Alexander Hamilton.e American Revolutionary War broke out in , and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in with the arrival of the Continental Army. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.Loyalists were forced to abandon their King's College in New York, which was seized by the rebels and renamed Columbia University. The Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded what is now the University of King's Colle The Gothic Revival Law School building on the Madison Avenue campus After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, promising to make whatever changes to the school's charter the state might demand The Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College.The Act created a Board of Regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the Legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College,a reference to Columbia, an alternative name for America. The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February and appointed a revision committee, which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of
New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in in order to train ministers.[The college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1 trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governor's interest, Princeton should be named as Belcher College. Gov. Jonathan Belcher replied: "What a hell of name that would be!In the college moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England. Following the untimely deaths of Princeton's first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the college's focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college.[16] Witherspoon's presidency constituted a long period of stability for the college, interrupted by the American Revolution and particularly the Battle of Princeton, during which British soldiers briefly occupied Nassau Hall; American forces, led by George Washington, fired cannon on the building to rout them from it. John Witherspoon, President of the College signer of the Declaration of Independence In the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with "enthusiastic approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey" Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include services such as cross-registration and mutual library access. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in Nassau Hall was the college's sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September During the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the country's capital for four months. Over the centuries and through two redesigns following major fires Nassau Hall's role shifted from an all-purpose building, comprising office, dormitory, library, and classroom space; to classroom space exclusively; to its present role as the administrative center of the University. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until when that same class replaced them with tigers.[22] Nassau Hall's bell rang after the hall's construcon; however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of A Birds-eye view of campus in James McCosh took office as the college's president in and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. During his two decades of service, he overhauled the curriculum, oversaw an expansion of inquiry into the sciences, and supervised the addition of a number of buildings in the High Victorian Gothic style to the campus.[McCosh Hall is named in his honor. In the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph.D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of In 1896, the college officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides. During this year, the college also underwent large expansion and officially became a university. In , Woodrow Wilson, graduate of the Class of was elected the president of the university.Under Wilson, Princeton introduced the preceptorial system in , a then-unique concept in the US that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form in which small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest. Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann at Princeton, In 1906, the reservoir Lake Carnegie was created by Andrew Carnegie. A collection of historical photographs of the building of the lake is housed at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library on Princeton's c In Albert Einstein became a lifetime member of the Institute for Advanced Study with an office on the Princeton campus. While always independent of the university, the Institute for Advanced Study occupied offices in Jones Hall for 6 years, from its opening in until their own campus was finished and opened in This helped start an incorrect impression that it was part of the university, one that has never been completely eradicated.
and Charles Nicholson, a medical graduate from the University of Edinburgh Medical School, proposed a plan to expand the existing Sydney College into a larger university. Wentworth argued that a state university was imperative for the growth of a society aspiring towards self-government, and that it would provide the opportunity for "the child of every class, to become great and useful in the destinies of his country".It would take two attempts on Wentworth's behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted. The university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act,on September and was assented on 1 October by Sir Charles Fitzroy. Two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry and experimental physics was John Smith.February the university received its Royal Charter from Queen Victoria, giving degrees conferred by the university rank and recognition equal to those given by universities in the United Kingdom. By the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown. In 1858, the passage of the electoral act provided for the university to become a constituency for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as soon as there were 100 graduates of the university holding higher degrees eligible for candidacy. This seat in the Parliament of New South Wales was first filled in 1876, but was abolished in 1880 one year after its second member, Edmund Barton, who later became the first Prime Minister of Australia, was elected to the Legislative Assembly. Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university, which received a sum of £200,000 in 1889. This was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning (Chancellor 1878–95) who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners. The following year seven professorships were created: anatomy; zoology; engineering; history; law; logic and mental philosophy; and modern literature. The New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in and later separated in 1954 to become the University of New England. During the late the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities. At one stage, newspaper reporters descended on the university to cover brawls, demonstrations, secret memos and a walk-out by David Armstrong, a respected philosopher who held the Challis Chair of Philosophy from after students at one of his lectures openly demanded a course on feminism.The philosophy department split over the issue to become the Traditional and Modern Philosophy Department, headed by Armstrong and following a more traditional approach to philosophy, and the General Philosophy Department, which follows the French continental approach. The Orange Agricultural College (OAC) was originally transferred to the University of New England under the Act, but then transferred to the University of Sydney in 1994, as part of the reforms to the University of New England undertaken by the University of New England A and the Southern Cross University ActIn January the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University The Main Quadrangle in its complete form as seen today Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the university's governing body.Nick Greiner, a former Premier of New South Wales, resigned from his position as chair of the university's Graduate School of Management because of academic protests against his simultaneous chairmanship of British American Tobacco (Australia). Subsequently, his wife, Kathryn Greiner, resigned in protest from the two positions she held at the university as chair of the Sydney Peace Foundation and a member of the executive council of the Research Institute for Asia and the Pacific., the Public Service Association of New South Wales and the Community and Public Sector Union were in dispute with the university over a proposal to privatise security at the main campus (and the Cumberland campus)
Monash was established by an Act of the State Parliament of Victoria in as a result of the Murray Report, which was commissioned in by then Prime Minister Robert Menzies to establish the second university in the state of Victoria. The university was named after the prominent Australian general Sir John Monash. This was the first university in Australia to be named after a person, rather than a city, region or state. One of the lakes at the University's main campus, Clayton The original campus was in the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Clayton (in what is now the City of Monash). The first University Council, led by Monash's first Chancellor Sir Robert Blackwood, selected Sir Louis Matheson, to be the first Vice-Chancellor of Monash University, a position he held until The University was granted an expansive site of hectares of open land in Clayton.[The hectares of land consists of the former Talbot Epileptic Colon From its first intake of students at Clayton on March , the university grew rapidly in size and student numbers so that by it had enrolled more than students since its establishment. In its early years, it offered undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in engineering, medicine, science, arts, economics, politics, education, and law. It was a major provider for international student places under the Colombo Plan, which saw the first Asian students enter the Australian education system. In its early years of teaching, research and administration, Monash was not disadvantaged by entrenched traditional practices. Monash was able to adopt modern approaches without resistance from those who preferred the status quo. A modern administrative structure was set up; Australia's first research centres and scholarships devoted to Indigenous Australians were established. From the mid- to the early , Monash became the centre of student radicalism in Australia.[1was the site of many mass student demonstrations, particularly concerning Australia's role in Vietnam War and conscription.By the late , several student organisations, some of which were influenced by or supporters of communism, turned their focus to Vietnam, with numerous blockades and sit-insIn one extraordinary event that came to be known as the Monash Siege, students forced then Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser to hide in a basement at the Alexander Theatre, in a major protest over the Whitlam dismissal. In the late and , some of Monash's most publicised research came through its pioneering of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). Led by Professors Carl Wood and Alan Trounson, the Monash IVF Program achieved the world's first clinical IVF pregnancy in , they delivered the first IVF baby in Australia.] This eventually became a massive source of revenue for the University at a time when university funding in Australia was beginning to slow down. In the late 1980s, the Dawkins Reforms changed the landscape of higher education in Australia. Under the leadership of Vice-Chancellor Mal Logan, Monash transformed dramatically. In Monash University had only one campus in Clayton, with around students.Just over a decade later, it had 8campuses (including a European research and teaching centre, and more than 5students, making it the largest and most internationalised Australian university. Expansion of the University began in with a series of mergers between Monash, the Chisholm Institute of Technology, and the Gippsland Institute of Advanced Education. In a merger with the Victorian College of Pharmacy created a new faculty of the University. This continued, with the establishment of the Berwick campus.[citation needed] In 1998, the University opened the Malaysia campus, its first overseas campus and the first foreign university in Malaysia. In , Monash South Africa opened its doors in Johannesburg, making Monash the first foreign university in South Africa. The same year, the University secured an th Century Tuscan Palace to open a research and teaching centre in Prato, Italy. At the same time, Australian universities faced unprecedented demand for international student places, which Monash met on a larger scale than most. Today, around 30% of its students are from outside Australia Monash students come from over different countries, and speak over 90 different languages. The increase in international students, combined with the University's expansion, meant that Monash's income greatly increased throughout the and it is now one of Australia's top exporters
immense and fast-growing city ... a system of rational and practical education fitting for all and graciously opened to all".[hree-day long "literary and scientific convention" held in City Hall in and attended by over delegates debated the terms of a plan for a new university. These New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright, status, or social class. On April an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the city's landed class of merchants, bankers, and traders. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institution's first president. On April the new institution received its charter and was incorporated as the University of the City of New York by the New York State Legislature; older documents often refer to it by that name. The university has been popularly known as New York University since its beginning and was officially renamed New York University in , NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, situated near City H, the School of Law, NYU's first professional school, was established. Although the impetus to found a new school was partly a reaction by evangelical Presbyterians to what they perceived as the Episcopalianism of Columbia College,NYU was created non-denominational, unlike many American colleges at the time. The University Heights campus, now home to Bronx Community College It became one of the nation's largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917.[23] NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding. The university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York City's development further uptown. NYU's move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken.[21] The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was. As a result, most of the university's operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYU's administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the graduate schools of the university remained at Washington Square.[24] In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the downtown undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the "Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead, Long Island". This extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University.[25] In , NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, a nonprofit organization of leading public and private research universities In the late 1960s and e financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the city's institutions, including NY Feeling the pressures of imminent bankruptcy, NYU President James McNaughton Hester negotiated the sale of the University Heights campus to the City University of New York, which occurred in In, the New York University School of Engineering and Science merged into Polytechnic Institute of Brooklywhich in turn merged into NYU to form New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering in After the sale of the Bronx campus, University College merged with Washington Square College. In the under the leadership of President John Brademas, NYU launched a billion-dollar campaign that was spent almost entirely on updating facilities.The campaign was set to complete in 15 years, but ended up being completed in 10. In President John Sexton launched a $billion campaign for funds to be spent especially on faculty and financial aid resources. In 2009, the university responded to a series of New York Times interviews that showed a pattern of labor abuses in its fledgling Abu Dhabi location, creating a statement of labor values for Abu Dhabi campus workers. A 2014 follow-up article in The Times found that while some conditions had improved, contractors for the multibillion-endowment university were still frequently subjecting their workers to third-world labor conditions. The article documented that these conditions included confiscation of worker passports, forced overtime, recruitment fees and cockroach-filled dorms where workers had to sleep under beds. According to the article, workers who attempted to protest the NYU contractors' conditions were promptly arrested.The university responded the day of the article with an apology to the workers. Another report was published and it maintains that those who were on strike were arrested by police who then promptly abused them in a police station. Many of those who were not local were then deported to their country. NYU was the founding member of the League of World Universities, an international organization consisting of rectors and presidents from urban universities across six continents. The league and its 47 representatives gather every two years to discuss global issues in education. L. Jay Oliva formed the organization in just after he was inaugurated president of New York University. University logo[edit] The university logo, the upheld torch, is derived from the Statue of Liberty, signifying NYU's service to the city of New York. The torch is depicted on both the NYU seal and the more abstract NYU logo, designed in 1by renowned graphic designer Tom Geismar of the branding and design firm Chermayeff & Geismar. There are at least two versions of the possible origin of the university color, violet. Some believe that it may have been chosen because violets are said to have grown abundantly in Washington Square and around the buttresses of the Old University Building. Others argue that the color may have been adopted because the violet was the flower associated with Athens, the center of learning in ancient Greece. Cultural setting[edit] Washington Square and Greenwich Village have been hubs of cultural life in New York City since the early 19th century. Much of this culture has intersected with NYU at various points in its history. Artists of the Hudson River School, the United States' first prominent school of painters, settled around Washington Square. Samuel . Morse, a noted artist who also pioneered the telegraph and created the Morse Code, served as the first chair of Painting and Sculpture. He and Daniel Huntington were early tenants of the Old University Building in the mid-19th century. (TUniversity rented out studio space and residential apartments within the "academic" building.) As a result, they had notable interaction with the cultural and academic life of the university. In the 1870s, sculptors Augustus Saint-Gaudens and Daniel Chester French lived and worked near the Square. By the 1920s, Washington Square Park was nationally recognized as a focal point for artistic and moral rebellion. As such, the Washington Square campus became more diverse and bustled with urban energy, contributing to academic change a Famed residents of this time include Eugene O'Neill, John Sloan, and Maurice Prendergast. In the 1930s, the abstract expressionists Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning, and the realists Edward Hopper and Thomas Hart Benton had studios around Washington Square. In the the area became one of the centers of the beat and folk generation, when Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan settled there. This led to tension with the university, which at the time was in the midst of an aggressive facilities expansion phase.In , the university opened The Grey Art Gallery at Washington Square East, housing the NYU art collection and featuring museum quality exhibitions
Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, James Noyes, James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders". Originally known as the "Collegiate School," the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson,in Killingworth (now Clinton). The school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut. First diploma awarded by Yale College, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, Meanwhile, there was a rift forming at Harvard between its sixth president Increase Mather and the rest of the Harvard clergy, whom Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology.[16] It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the "new divinity". In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library. Yale was swept up by the great intellectual movements of the period—the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment—due to the religious and scientific interests of presidents Thomas Clap and Ezra Stiles. They were both instrumental in developing the scientific curriculum at Yale, while dealing with wars, student tumults, graffiti, "irrelevance" of curricula, desperate need for endowment, and fights with the Connecticut legislature. Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College fro brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical tts in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים (Urim and Thummim) on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary defor his efforts. As the only college in Connecticut, Yale educated the sons of the elite. Offenses for which students were punished included cardplaying, tavern-going, destruction of college property, and acts of disobedience to college authorities. During the period, Harvard was distinctive for the stability and maturity of its tutor corps, while Yale had youth and zeal on its side The emphasis on classics gave rise to a number of private student societies, open only by invitation, which arose primarily as forums for discussions of modern scholarship, literature and politics. The first such organizations were debating societies: Crotonia in 1738, Linonia in , and Brothers in Unity in
This article is about the main campus located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. For other uses, see University of Michigan (disambiguation). University of Michigan Latin: Universitas Michigania University of Michigan Seal Seal of the University of Michigan MottoArtes, Scientia, Veritas Motto in English Arts, Knowledge, Truth Established1817; 198 years ago TypeFlagship Public Sea grant Space grant EndowmentUS $9.47 billion[1] BudgetUS $6.62 billion PresidentMark Schlissel ProvostMartha E. Pollack Academic staff 6,771[2] Administrative staff 18,986[3] Students43,625[4] Undergraduates28,395[4] Postgraduates15,230[4] LocationAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States Campus3,177 acres (12.86 km2) Total: 20,965 acres (84.84 km2), including arboretum[5] ColorsMaize and Blue [6] AthleticsNCAA Division I – Big Ten Sports27 Varsity Teams NicknameWolverines Websitewww.umich.edu University of Michigan Wordmark.svg The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, UMich, or U of M), frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Originally, founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, 20 years before the Michigan Territory officially became a state, the University of Michigan is the state's oldest university. The university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres (16 ha) of what is now known as Central Campus. Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet (781 acres or 3.16 km²), and has two satellite campuses located in Flint and Dearborn. The University was one of the founding members of the Association of American Universities. Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States,[7] the university has very high research activity and its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, pharmacy, nursing, social work and dentistry. Michigan's body of living alumni (as of 2012) comprises more than 500,000. Besides academic life, Michigan's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Campus 2.1 Central Campus 2.2 North Campus 2.3 South Campus 3 Organization and administration 3.1 Endowment 3.2 Student government 4 Academics 4.1 Research 5 Student body 5.1 Admissions 5.2 Enrollment 6 Student life 6.1 Residential life 6.2 Groups and activities 6.3 Media and publications 7 Athletics 7.1 School songs 8 Alumni 9 References 9.1 Specific 9.2 General 10 External links History[edit] Main article: History of the University of Michigan Painting of a rolling green landscape with trees with a row of white buildings in the background University of Michigan (1855) Jasper Francis Cropsey The University of Michigan was established in Detroit in 1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. The Rev. John Monteith was one of the university's founders and its first President. Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres (16 ha) in the hopes of being selected as the state capital; when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to governor Stevens T. Mason. The original 40 acres (160,000 m2) was the basis of the current Central Campus.[8] The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845.[9] By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870.[10] James Burrill Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded U-M's curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine. U-M also became the first American university to use the seminar method of study.[11] Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and the first Puerto Rican to get a university degree in the United States. He returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. From 1900 to 1920, the university constructed many new facilities, including buildings for the dental and pharmacy programs, chemistry, natural sciences, Hill Auditorium, large hospital and library complexes, and two residence halls. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a favored choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s, when the Ivy League schools had quotas restricting the number of Jews to be admitted.[12] Because of its high standards, U-M gained the nickname "Harvard of the West," which became commonly parodied in reverse after John F. Kennedy referred to himself as "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in his speech proposing the formation of the Peace Corps while on the front steps of the Michigan Union.[13] During World War II, U-M's research supported military efforts, such as U.S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, of which more than one third (or 7,700) were veterans supported by the G.I. Bill. As the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy. Much of that work, as well as research into alternative energy sources, is pursued via the Memorial Phoenix Project.[14] Red brick plaza, surrounded by trees with green leaves, with two white tents and an American flag flying from a flagpole in the center The Central Campus Diag, viewed from the Graduate Library, looking North Lyndon B. Johnson gave his speech outlining his Great Society program as the lead speaker during U-M's 1964 spring commencement ceremony.[9] During the 1960s, the university campus was the site of numerous protests against the Vietnam War and university administration. On March 24, 1965, a group of U-M faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.[15][16] In response to a series of sit-ins in 1966 by Voice, the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society, U-M's administration banned sit-ins. In response, 1,500 students participated in a one-hour sit-in inside the LSA Building, which housed administrative offices. Former U-M student and noted architect Alden B. Dow designed the current Fleming Administration Building, which was completed in 1968. The building's plans were drawn in the early 1960s, before student activism prompted a concern for safety. But the Fleming Building's narrow windows, all located above the first floor, and fortress-like exterior led to a campus rumor that it was designed to be riot-proof. Dow denied those rumors, claiming the small windows were designed to be energy efficient.[17] During the 1970s, severe budget constraints slowed the university's physical development; but in the 1980s, the university received increased grants for research in the social and physical sciences. The university's involvement in the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa caused controversy on campus.[18][19] During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. In its 2011 annual financial report, the university announced that it had dedicated $497 million per year in each of the prior 10 years to renovate buildings and infrastructure around the campus. The university also emphasized the development of computer and information technology throughout the campus. In the early 2000s, U-M faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. At the same time, the university attempted to maintain its high academic standing while keeping tuition costs affordable. There were disputes between U-M's administration and labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization (LEO) and the Graduate Employees Organization (GEO), the union representing graduate student employees. These conflicts led to a series of one-day walkouts by the unions and their supporters.[20] The university is engaged in a $2.5 billion construction campaign.[21] Law Library Law Library Interior In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). President George W. Bush publicly opposed the policy before the court issued a ruling.[22] The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding. But, it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy. The debate continues because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed Proposal 2, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.[23] U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the law soon after that referendum. This has allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the initiative results. The university has stated it plans to continue to challenge the ruling; in the meantime, the admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.[23] On May 1, 2014, University of Michigan was named one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights “for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints." President Barack Obama's White House Task Force To Protect Students from Sexual Assault was organized for such investigations.[24] The University of Michigan became more selective in the early 2010s. The acceptance rate declined from 50.6% in 2010 to 32.2% in 2014. The rate of new freshman enrollment has been fairly stable since 2010. Campus[edit] The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South Campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings,[25] with a combined area of more than 34 million square feet or 781 acres (3.16 km2).[26] The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the Huron River.[27] There is also leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus has recently been developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.[28] In addition to the U-M Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course on Geddes Road, Radrick Farms Golf Course. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff, and alumni.[29] Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the board of regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.[30] The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.[31] All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central Campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central Campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.[32] Central Campus[edit] Red brick building with white stone facade. A tall white-colored stone clock tower with a green roof is in the background Hill Auditorium and Burton Tower Central Campus was the original location of U-M when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on forty acres of land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The President's House, located on South University Avenue, is the oldest building on campus as well as the only surviving building from the original forty acre campus.[8] Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings.[33] Residence halls located on Central Campus are split up into two groups: the Hill Neighborhood and Central Campus.[34] Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Ross School of Business, the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, the Law School and the School of Dentistry, are on Central Campus. Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (which are connected by a skywalk), are also on Central Campus,[35] as well as museums housing collections in archaeology, anthropology, paleontology, zoology, dentistry, and art. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the Burton Memorial Tower and nearby Hill Auditorium.[36] North Campus[edit] Students learn pole climbing in course for telephone electricians, c. 1918 North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farm land—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km2)—that the university bought in 1952.[37] It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more modern architecture, whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or gothic in style. The architect Eero Saarinen, based in Birmingham, Michigan, created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.[38] North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand carillon. The North Campus tower is called Lurie Tower.[39] The University of Michigan's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall, is located on North Campus.[34] North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, the School of Art & Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information.[40] The campus is served by the Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room.[41] Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library. South Campus[edit] South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Center, and Yost Ice Arena. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the Michigan Marching Band, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education,[42] and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.[43] The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.[42] U-M's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Arena. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia (home of The Masters Tournament).[44] The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931. The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what Sports Illustrated calls "golf's greatest course architect." The U-M Golf Course's signature No. 6 hole—a 310-yard (280 m) par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers—is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion Nick Faldo and golf course architect Tom Doak. The listing of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" is featured in SI's Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters on April 4, 2006.[45] Organization and administration[edit] See also: President of the University of Michigan and Board of Regents of the University of Michigan College/school founding[46] College/schoolYear founded College of Literature, Science, and the Arts1841 School of Medicine1850 College of Engineering1854 School of Law1859 School of Dentistry1875 School of Pharmacy1876 School of Music, Theatre & Dance1880 School of Nursing1893 A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning1906 Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies1912 Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy1914 School of Education1921 Stephen M. Ross School of Business1924 School of Natural Resources & Environment1927 School of Public Health1941 School of Social Work1951 School of Information1969 Penny W. Stamps School of Art & Design1974 School of Kinesiology1984 The University of Michigan consists of a flagship campus in Ann Arbor, with two regional campuses in Dearborn and Flint. The Board of Regents, which governs the university and was established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837, consists of eight members elected at large in biennial state elections[47] for overlapping eight-year terms.[48][49] Between the establishment of the University of Michigan in 1837 and 1850, the Board of Regents ran the university directly; although they were, by law, supposed to appoint a Chancellor to administer the university, they never did. Instead a rotating roster of professors carried out the day-to-day administration duties.[50] The President of the University of Michigan is the principal executive officer of the university. The office was created by the Michigan Constitution of 1850, which also specified that the president was to be appointed by the Regents of the University of Michigan and preside at their meetings, but without a vote.[51] Today, the president's office is at the Ann Arbor campus, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's House, the university's oldest building located on Central Campus in Ann Arbor.[52] Mark Schlissel is the 14th and current president of the university and has served since July 2014. There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.[53] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.[54] At the graduate level, the Rackham Graduate School serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.[55] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges, the largest of which are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, the Law School, and the Ross School of Business. Professional degrees are conferred by the Schools of Public Health, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, and Pharmacy.[54] The Medical School is partnered with the University of Michigan Health System, which comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education. Endowment[edit] As of March 2014, U-M's financial endowment (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $9.47 billion.[1] In 2013, Michigan's endowment was the eighth largest endowment in the U.S. and the third-largest among U.S public universities at that time; it has been the fastest growing endowment in the nation over the last 21 years.[56] The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, U-M embarked on a massive fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference," which aimed to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million designated for the permanent endowment.[57] Slated to run through December 2008, the university announced that the campaign had reached its target 19 months early in May 2007.[58] Ultimately, the campaign raised $3.2 billion over 8 years. Over the course of the capital campaign, 191 additional professorships were endowed, bringing the university total to 471 as of 2009.[59] Like nearly all colleges and universities, U-M suffered significant realized and unrealized losses in its endowment during the second half of 2008. In February 2009, a university spokesperson estimated losses of between 20 and 30 percent.[60] In November 2013, the university launched the "Victors for Michigan" campaign, which with a $4 billion goal, is its largest fundraising campaign to date.[61][62] Student government[edit] White-colored stone building with columns in the center of the facade Central Campus: Angell Hall, one of the major buildings of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts Housed in the Michigan Union, the Central Student Government (CSG) is the central student government of the University. With representatives from each of the University's colleges and schools, CSG represents students and manages student funds on the campus. CSG is a 501(c)(3) organization, independent from the University of Michigan.[63] In recent years CSG has organized airBus, a transportation service between campus and the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.[64] CSG was successful at reviving Homecoming activities, including a carnival and parade, for students after a roughly eleven-year absence in October 2007,[65] and during the 2013-14 school year, was instrumental in persuading the University to rescind an unpopular change in student football seating policy at Michigan Stadium.[66] There are student governance bodies in each college and school. The two largest colleges at the University of Michigan are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A) and the College of Engineering. Undergraduate students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG).[67] Engineering Student Government (ESG) manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government (RSG). In addition, the students that live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association (RHA).[68] A longstanding goal of the student government is to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body.[69] Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.[70] Although none of these campaigns has been successful, a poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them.[69] A change to the board's makeup would require amending the Michigan Constitution.[71] Academics[edit] University rankings National ARWU[72]17 Forbes[73]45 U.S. News & World Report[74]29 Washington Monthly[75]13 Global ARWU[76]22 QS[77]23 Times[78]17 The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.[79][80][81] The four year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has "very high" research activity and the "comprehensive" graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[79] U-M has been included on Richard Moll's list of Public Ivies.[82] With over 200 undergraduate majors, 100 doctoral and 90 master's programs,[83] U-M conferred 6,490 undergraduate degrees, 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 2011-2012.[84] National honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.[85] Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors," "with High Honors," or "with Honors."[85] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.[85] Out-of-state undergraduate students pay between US $36,001.38 and $43,063.38 annually for tuition alone while in-state undergraduate students paid between US $11,837.38 and $16,363.38 annually.[86] U-M provides financial aid in the form of need-based loans, grants, scholarships, work study, and non-need based scholarships, with 77% of undergraduates in 2007 receiving financial aid.[87][88] For undergraduates in 2008, 46% graduated with about $25,586 of debt.[88] The university is attempting to increase financial aid availability to students by devoting over $1.53 billion in endowment funds to support financial aid.[89][90][91] Research[edit] See also: List of University of Michigan faculty and staff The university is one of the founding members (1900) of the Association of American Universities. With over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the National Academy and 471 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline,[92] the university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States, totaling about $1 billion in 2009.[93] The Medical School spent the most at over $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.[93] U-M also has a technology transfer office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests. In 2009, the university consummated a deal to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69 km2) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of administrative space. As of the purchase date, the university's intentions for the space were not announced, but the expectation is that the new space will allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.[94] A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Science Research Building at the U-M Medical School The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG,[95] gastroscope,[96] and the announcement of Jonas Salk's polio vaccine. The university's 13,000-acre (53 km2) biological station in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan is one of only 47 Biosphere Reserves in the United States.[97] In the mid-1960s U-M researchers worked with IBM to develop a new virtual memory architectural model[98] that became part of IBM's Model 360/67 mainframe computer (the 360/67 was initially dubbed the 360/65M where the "M" stood for Michigan).[99] The Michigan Terminal System (MTS), an early time-sharing computer operating system developed at U-M, was the first system outside of IBM to use the 360/67's virtual memory features.[100] U-M is home to the National Election Studies and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index. The Correlates of War project, also located at U-M, is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Life Sciences Institute are located at the university. The Institute for Social Research (ISR), the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,[101] is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs
Not to be confused with University of South Wales. The University of New South Wales UNSW coat of arms.png Coat of Arms of UNSW Former names New South Wales University of Technology (1949–1958) MottoScientia Manu et Mente (Latin) Motto in English "Knowledge by Hand and Mind" Established1949 TypePublic EndowmentA$1.095 billion[1] (2012) ChancellorMr David Gonski, AC PresidentProfessor Ian Jacobs Vice-ChancellorProfessor Ian Jacobs Administrative staff 5,300[2] Students50,838[3] LocationSydney, New South Wales, Australia 33°55′4″S 151°13′52″E 33.88394°S 151.22032°E CampusUrban, parks, 38 hectares (0.38 km2) Colours AffiliationsGroup of Eight, Universitas 21, APRU, ADFA, Association of Commonwealth Universities Websiteunsw.edu.au UNSW logo.png The University of New South Wales (UNSW; branded as UNSW Australia[4]) is an Australian public research university located in the suburb of Kensington in Sydney. The university was established in 1949 by the New South Wales government. The main campus is located on a 38-hectare site in the Sydney suburb of Kensington, seven kilometres from the centre of Sydney. The creative arts faculty, UNSW Art & Design, is located in Paddington, UNSW Canberra is located at the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra, and sub-campuses are located in the Sydney CBD, the suburbs of Randwick and Coogee, research stations are located throughout the state of New South Wales.[5] UNSW is a founding member of the Group of Eight, a coalition of Australian research-intensive universities, and of Universitas 21, a leading global network of research universities. It has international exchange and research partnerships with over 200 universities around the world. It was ranked among the top 50 universities in the world, according to the 2014 QS World University Rankings, and among the top 5 in Australia. UNSW graduates hold more chief executive positions of ASX 200 listed companies than those of any other university in Australia.[6] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 University of New South Wales 2 Symbols 3 Entry and World Rankings 3.1 Selection and entry 3.2 University rankings 3.3 Study abroad 4 Governance 5 Faculties 5.1 Other 6 Campus 6.1 Accommodation 6.2 Venues 6.3 Facilities 7 Student projects 8 Student organisations 9 High school and primary school competitions and resources 10 Notable people 10.1 Chancellors 10.2 Vice-Chancellors 10.3 Rectors 10.3.1 Past Deans 10.3.2 Past and present Rectors 10.3.3 Past and present Deputy Rectors 11 Notable Previous Professors 11.1 Alumni 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History[edit] University council's first meeting in 1949 The idea of founding the University originated from the crisis demands of World War II, during which the nation's attention was drawn to the critical role that science and technology played in transforming an agricultural society into a modern and industrial one.[7] The post-war Labor government of New South Wales recognised the increasing need to have a university specialised in training high-quality engineers and technology-related professionals in numbers beyond that of the capacity and characteristics of the existing University of Sydney.[7] This led to the proposal to establish the Institute of Technology, submitted by the then New South Wales Minister for Education Bob Heffron, accepted on 9 July 1946. The university, originally named the "New South Wales University of Technology", gained its statutory status through the enactment of New South Wales University of Technology Act 1949 (NSW) by Parliament of New South Wales in Sydney in 1949. In March 1948, classes commenced with a first intake of 46 students pursuing programs including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, mining engineering and electrical engineering.[8] At that time the thesis programmes were innovative. Each course embodied a specified and substantial period of practical training in the relevant industry. It was also unprecedented for tertiary institutions at that time to include compulsory instruction in humanities.[9] Initially, the university operated from the inner Sydney Technical College city campus at Ultimo. However, in 1951, the Parliament of New South Wales passed the New South Wales University of Technology (Construction) Act 1951 (NSW) to provide funding and allow buildings to be erected at the Kensington site where the university is now located. University of New South Wales[edit] In 1958, the university's name was changed to the "University of New South Wales" to reflect its transformation from a technology-based institution to a generalist university. In 1960, it established Faculties of Arts and Medicine, and shortly after decided to add a Faculty of Law, which came into being in 1971.[10] The university's first director was Arthur Denning (1949–1952), who made important contributions to founding the university. In 1953, he was replaced by Professor Philip Baxter, who continued as vice-chancellor when this position's title was changed in 1955.[11] Baxter's dynamic, if authoritarian, management was central to the University's first twenty years. His visionary, but at times controversial, energies saw the university grow from a handful to 15,000 students by 1968.[12] He also pioneered new scientific and technological disciplines despite the criticism of traditionalists.[citation needed] Staff recruited both locally and overseas, soon established a wide international reputation.[citation needed] The new Vice-Chancellor, Professor Rupert Myers (1969–1981), brought consolidation and an urbane management style to a period of expanding student numbers, demand for change in University style, and challenges of student unrest. The stabilising techniques of the 1980s managed by Vice-Chancellor Professor Michael Birt (1981–1992)[13] provided a firm base for the energetic corporatism and campus enhancements pursued by the subsequent Vice-Chancellor, Professor John Niland (1992–2002). The 1990s saw the addition of Fine Arts to the University. The University established Colleges in Newcastle (1951) and Wollongong (1961), which eventually became the University of Newcastle and the University of Wollongong in 1965 and 1975 respectively. At present, private sources contribute 45% of its annual funding.[14] The University is home to the Lowy Cancer Research Centre, one of Australia's largest cancer research facilities. The centre, costing $127 million, is Australia's first facility to bring together researchers in childhood and adult cancer.[15][16] In 2003, the University was invited by Singapore's Economic Development Board to consider opening a campus there. Following a 2004 decision to proceed, the first phase of a planned $200 m campus opened in 2007. Students and staff were sent home and the campus closed after one semester following substantial financial losses.[17] Symbols[edit] The Grant of Arms was made by the College of Arms on 3 March 1952. The grant reads: Argent on a Cross Gules a Lion passant guardant between four Mullets of eight points Or a Chief Sable charged with an open Book proper thereon the word "SCIENTIA" in letters also sable.[18] The Flag of UNSW The lion and the four stars of the Southern Cross on the St George's Cross have reference to the State of New South Wales which established the University; the open book with "SCIENTIA" (knowledge) across its pages is a reminder of its purpose. The placement of "Scientia" on the book was inspired by its appearance on the arms of the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, formed in 1907. Beneath the shield is the motto "Manu et Mente" (with hand and mind), which was the motto of the Sydney Technical College, from which the University developed.[18] An update of the design and colours of the Arms was undertaken in 1970, which provided a more contemporary design, yet retained all the Arms' heraldic associations. In 1994 the University title was added to the UNSW arms, as was the abbreviation "UNSW", to create the UNSW Symbol, which is used for everyday and marketing purposes.[18] There is also a university flag, which consists of the coat of arms centred on a mid blue field. The blue field of the flag is lined with a yellow band on all sides. There is a further outer band of black on all sides which is equal in width to the yellow band.[19] The Ceremonial mace of the university is made of stainless steel with silver facings and a shaft of eumung timber. On the head are mounted four silver shields, two engraved with the arms of the State of New South Wales and two with the original-design arms of the University. A silver Waratah, NSW's floral emblem, surmounts the head. The mace was donated to the university by Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited and was presented by the company chairman Colin Syme on 6 December 1962.[20] Former NSW Government Architect Dr. Cobden Parkes was appointed as the first official Mace-bearer.[21] Entry and World Rankings[edit] Selection and entry[edit] The Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) is the primary criterion for entry into most undergraduate-entry university programs. ATAR is a percentile awarded to students based upon the student's performance in their Higher School Certificate (HSC). The number functions as a rank of all students entering the tertiary education system, based on the number of students in year 12. The maximum rank attainable is 99.95. In 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, UNSW admitted more of the top 500 NSW HSC performers than any other university. This consequently makes UNSW and the University of Sydney two of the most selective universities in Australia for undergraduate admission. The table below summarises the ATAR scores needed to secure entry into the course. UMAT is the Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test. A (V) indicates that vacancies were available at the conclusion of the main round of offers to students.[22] Undergraduate Entry Cut-Off ANUMelbourneMonashUNSWSydney Combined Law97.00 (V)Not Offered98.0099.7099.50 MedicineNot OfferedNot Offered97+ (+UMAT)99+ (+UMAT)99.95 Commerce82.00 (V)93.0090.3096.3095.00 Economics86.00 (V)93.0090.3093.0091.55 Engineering95.00 (V)Not Offered91.491.2592.00 Science90.00 (V)85.0082.0083.0583.00 Arts85.00 (V)85.0085.0580.0081.10 The university offers a bonus points scheme, "HSC Plus",[23] which awards points for performance in Australian Senior Secondary Certificate [Year 12] courses relevant to UNSW undergraduate degrees. The UNSW Co-op Program[24] is offered across many Programs in the Faculties of the Built Environment, Engineering, Science, and the Australian School of Business. The Co-op program offers industry funded scholarships to students and includes internships with the sponsoring companies. Students usually enter the program after an application and interview while in their final year of high school. University rankings[edit] University rankings University of New South Wales QS World[25]48 THE-WUR World[26]109 ARWU World[27]101-150 USNWR World[28]94 CWTS Leiden World[29]197 Australian rankings THE-WUR National[30]5 USNWR National[31]4 CWTS Leiden National[29]7 The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2014–2015 placed UNSW 109th in the world and 5th in Australia. Previously in 2012-2013, UNSW was placed 85th in the world and 5th in Australia.[32] Times Higher Education World University Ranking[33] Category/Year201420132012 Overall11485173 Social Sciences403343 Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health5143- Physical Sciences--- Life Sciences--- Engineering & Technology68-- Arts & Humanities85-- The QS World University Rankings 2013-2014 placed UNSW 48th in the world and 5th in Australia.[34] It was also awarded the QS 5 Star Plus badge for excellence, having received a five-star rating in all eight categories scoring over 900 points. QS World University Ranking[34] Category/Year201420132012201120102009 Overall485252393936 Social Sciences & Management202324252325 Natural Sciences104=4752454335 Life Sciences & Medicine47=7255484643 Engineering & Technology27=3339394233 Arts & Humanities515977617852 The 2014 QS World University Rankings ranked UNSW to be 10th in the world for Accounting and Finance, 14th for Law, and 20th for Social Sciences and Management. The Shanghai Jiaotong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013 rankings placed UNSW in the 101–150 bracket globally and equal 6th in Australia.[35] The Good Universities Guide 2014 scored UNSW 5-star ratings across 10 categories, more than any other Australian university. Monash University ranked second with seven 5-stars, followed by ANU, Melbourne University and the University of Western Australia with six each.[36] UNSW has produced more millionaires than any other Australian university and ranked 33rd in the world according to the Spear's Wealth Management Survey [37] UNSW graduates hold more chief executive positions of S&P/ASX 200 listed companies than those of any other university in Australia,[6] Engineers Australia ranked UNSW as having the highest number of graduates in "Australia's Top 100 Influential Engineers 2013" list at 23%, followed by Monash University at 8%, the University of Western Australia, Sydney University and The University of Queensland at 7%.[38] UNSW reported the highest median ATAR for the incoming 2012 and 2013 cohort and the 2nd highest average ATAR cutoff, as well as the highest number of Top 500 HSC Students.[39][40] Australian Government survey data of university graduates have indicated in the past that students who enter the Group of Eight come from higher income families, and that graduates largely have higher paid occupations or positions of influence.[41] Study abroad[edit] UNSW has maintained an extensive partnership with universities abroad. UNSW sends approximately 400 students to partner institutions each semester. Some of the universities that UNSW students are able to attend are: Princeton University, University of Pennsylvania (inc. Wharton), Duke University, Johns Hopkins University, Brown University, Columbia University (summer law students only), University of California Berkeley, University of California Santa Cruz (inc. Baskin), UCLA, University of Michigan (inc. Ross), New York University (inc. Stern), Cornell University, University of Texas at Austin (inc. McCombs), University College Maastricht, University College London (law students only), Imperial College London, London School of Economics and ETH Zurich.[citation needed] Governance[edit] Aerial view of the ADFAcampus, Canberra The University is governed by Council of 15 members including parliamentary and ex-officio members, members elected by staff, students and graduates of the University, and members appointed by the Minister for Education or by Council itself. It is responsible for acting on the University's behalf to promote its objectives and interests. The governance of universities has come under increasing scrutiny nationally in recent years [example?], and UNSW and its Council are committed to meeting this scrutiny by demonstrating the highest standards [evidence?]. The principal academic body is the Academic Board which receives advice on academic matters from the Faculties, College (Australian Defence Force Academy), and the Boards of Studies. It is responsible for academic policy setting, academic strategy via its eight standing committees, approval and delivery of programs, and academic standards. The Board comprises 56 members, including the Vice-Chancellor, members of the Executive Team, Deans and Faculty Presiding Members, 24 members elected from the academic staff and four from the student body. Membership also includes 'such other persons' approved by Council. The Academic Board advises the Vice-Chancellor and Council on matters relating to teaching, scholarship and research and takes decisions on delegation from Council. Its purpose is to make academic policy; approve courses and programs; further and co-ordinate the work of the Faculties and other academic units; and support teaching, scholarship and research. The chief executive officer of the University is the Vice-Chancellor and President. The Deputy Vice-Chancellors and Pro-Vice-Chancellors are responsible for academic operations, research policy, research management, quality assurance and external relations including sponsorship. The Chancellor is usually an eminent member of society. (See UNSW Chancellors and UNSW Vice-Chancellors). The Faculties and boards are responsible for the teaching and examining of subjects within their scope and the Academic Board co-ordinates and furthers their work.
